【OXFORD】2016数字化信息研究报告.pdf

REUTERS INSTITUTE DIGITAL NEWS REPORT 2016Surveyed bySupported byREUTERS INSTITUTE DIGITAL NEWS REPORT 2016Nic Newman with Richard Fletcher,David A.L.Levy and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism Foreword by David A.L.Levy 5 Methodology 6 Authorship and Research Acknowledgements 7 Section 1 Overview and Key Findings by Nic Newman 8 Section 2 Analysis by Country 30 2.1 United States 32 2.2 United Kingdom 34 2.3 Germany 36 2.4 France 38 2.5 Italy 40 2.6 Spain 42 2.7 Portugal 44 2.8 Ireland 46 2.9 Norway 48 2.10 Sweden 50 2.11 Finland 52 2.12 Denmark 54 2.13 Belgium 56 2.14 Netherlands 58 2.15 Switzerland 60 2.16 Austria 62 2.17 Hungary 64 2.18 Czech Republic 66 2.19 Poland 68 2.20 Greece 70 2.21 Turkey 72 2.22 South Korea 74 2.23 Japan 76 2.24 Australia 78 2.25 Canada 80 2.26 Brazil 82 Section 3 Further Analysis and International Comparison 84 3.1 Sources of News 86 3.2 Segmentations across and within Countries 87 3.3 Comparative Brand Data Analysis 89 3.4 How Audiences Discover News Online 92 3.5 Public Service Broadcasters 93 3.6 Trust in the News in More Depth 94 3.7 Distinctions Between Hard and Soft News 96 3.8 Participation and Online News 99 3.9 Paying for Online News 103 Section 4 Essays 106 4.1 The Challenging New Economics of Journalism 108 Mark Thompson,CEO,New York Times 4.2 Why Trust Matters 110 Ed Williams,CEO,Edelman UK&Ireland 4.3 People Want Personalised Recommendations(Even as they Worry about the Consequences)112 Rasmus Kleis Neilsen,Director of Research,Reuters Institute 4.4 The Topography of Trust:Views from UK News Consumers 115 Alison Preston,Head of Digital Literacy,Ofcom Postscript and Further Reading 118 REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM/DIGITAL NEWS REPORT 2016 4This is our fifth annual report that explores the changing environment around news across countries.The report is based on a survey of more than 50,000 people in 26 countries,which makes it the largest ongoing comparative study of news consumption in the world and twice as big as last year.A key focus is in Europe where we have done the bulk of our polling but we are delighted to have added Canada and South Korea this year to the United States,Australia,Brazil,and Japan,which have been part of our survey for some time.This years report comes against the backdrop of renewed concerns about the future of the news industry,the move to mobile,the rise of ad-blocking and the role of technical platforms and other intermediaries.We have data on many of these issues and find compelling evidence about the move to distributed content and the growing importance of social media as a source of news.Also this year weve looked to understand how branded news is found,consumed and shared in a more distributed news world with the help of some additional focus groups in the UK,US,Germany and Spain.We reference this research throughout the report and well be publishing a full account of these sessions on our website later in 2016.Once again we have combined the key data points with a series of essays,which add depth and context to the findings.New York Times CEO Mark Thompson reflects on the business challenges,while Edelman UK CEO Ed Williams explores the importance of trust and the role of brands based on their ground-breaking work on these issues with the Edelman Trust Barometer.RISJ Director of Research,Rasmus Kleis Nielsen explores our attitudes to algorithms in serving up relevant news stories and Ofcoms Alison Preston has been exploring how young and older groups in the UK navigate issues like trust and credibility in a more fragmented and complex news ecosystem.In terms of academic partnerships,we are joined this year by the Centre dtudes sur les mdias,Universit Laval,in Qubec City,Canada.Our active research community includes the News and Media Research Centre at Canberra University in Australia,Dublin City University,Ireland,the Hans Bredow Institute in Hamburg,Roskilde University in Denmark,The University of Tampere in Finland,and the School of Communication at the University of Navarra in Spain.Many of our partners are also organising events or country reports looking in more detail at national themes and adding wider value to this international project.We continue to make efforts to open up as much of the data as possible via our website at(www.digitalnewsreport.org).This contains slidepacks,charts and raw data tables,along with a licence that encourages reuse,subject to attribution to the Reuters Institute.Also this year,we have updated our interactive feature,which allows anyone to explore and visualise the data by themselves by country and over time.We hope that all of this will continue to build into an invaluable resource for academics,media owners,journalists and those developing policy.A description of the methodology is available on the website along with the complete questionnaire.Making all this possible,we are hugely grateful to our sponsors this year:Google,the BBC,Ofcom,the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland(BIA),the Media Industry Research Foundation of Finland,the Fritt Ord Foundation in Norway,the Korea Press Foundation,Edelman UK,as well as our academic sponsors at the Hans Bredow Institute,the University of Navarra,the University of Canberra and the Centre dtudes sur les mdias,Universit Laval in Canada.We are also grateful to YouGov,our polling company,who did everything possible to accommodate our complex requirements and helped our research team analyse and contextualise the data.I am particularly grateful to Nic Newman for his great work in leading our most ambitious Digital News Report to date and for surfacing such a rich analysis from a mass of data,to Richard Fletcher for all his work on the report,the data analysis and the country profiles,and to Alex Reid for so ably managing the process of moving from manuscript to publication.FOREWORD Dr David A.L.Levy Director,Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism(RISJ)45/METHODOLOGY This study has been commissioned by the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism to understand how news is being consumed in a range of countries.Research was conducted by YouGov using an online questionnaire at the end of January/beginning of February 2016.The data were weighted to targets based on census/industry accepted data,such as age,gender and region,to represent the total population of each country.The sample is reflective of the population that has access to the internet.As this survey deals with news consumption,we filtered out anyone who said that they had not consumed any news in the past month,in order to ensure that irrelevant responses didnt adversely affect data quality.This category averaged 3.5%but was as high as 13%in Canada.A comprehensive online questionnaire was designed to capture all aspects of news consumption.A number of face-to-face focus groups were held in the US,UK,Germany and Spain to explore issues relating to news consumption and the question of trust.Our survey was conducted online and as such the results will under-represent the consumption habits of people who are not online(typically older,less affluent,and with limited formal education).Where relevant,we have tried to make this clear within the text.The main purpose,however,is to track the activities and changes over time within the digital space as well as gaining understanding about how offline media and online media are used together.A fuller description of the methodology and a discussion of non-probability sampling techniques can be found on our website.Along with country-based figures,throughout the report we also use aggregate figures based on responses from all respondents across all the countries covered.These figures are meant only to indicate overall tendencies and should be treated with caution.METHODOLOGYPlease note that in both Brazil and Turkey our samples are representative of urban rather than national populations and as such the internet penetration is likely to be higher than stated above,which must be taken into consideration when interpreting results.Source:Internet World Stats internet population estimate 2015COUNTRYFINAL SAMPLE SIZETOTAL POPULATIONINTERNET PENETRATIONUSA2,197321,368,86487%UK2,02464,767,11592%Germany2,03581,174,00088%France2,16266,132,16984%Italy2,19560,795,61262%Spain2,10446,439,86477%Portugal2,01810,374,82268%Ireland2,0034,625,88583%Norway2,0195,165,80296%Sweden2,0309,747,35595%Finland2,0415,471,75394%Denmark2,0205,659,71596%Belgium2,01811,258,43485%COUNTRYFINAL SAMPLE SIZETOTAL POPULATIONINTERNET PENETRATIONNetherlands2,00616,900,72696%Switzerland2,0048,236,57387%Austria2,0008,584,92683%Hungary2,0569,849,00076%Czech Republic2,01410,538,27580%Poland2,00038,005,61468%Greece2,03610,812,46763%Turkey2,15777,695,90460%South Korea2,14749,115,19692%Japan2,011126,919,65991%Australia2,02122,751,01493%Canada2,01135,675,83495%Brazil2,001204,259,81258%REUTERS INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JOURNALISM/DIGITAL NEWS REPORT 2016 6AUTHORSHIP AND RESEARCH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr David A.L.Levy is Director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and an expert in media policy and regulation.He previously worked at the BBC both as a news and current affairs producer,reporter,and editor,and later as Controller Public Policy.He is the author of Europes Digital Revolution:Broadcasting Regulation,the EU and the Nation State(Routledge,1999/2001),and joint author or editor of several RISJ publications.Nic Newman is a journalist and digital strategist who played a key role in shaping the BBCs internet services over more than a decade.He was a founding member of the BBC News Website,leading international coverage as World Editor(19972001).As Head of Product Development he led digital teams,developing websites,mobile,and interactive TV applications for all BBC Journalism sites.Nic is currently a Research Associate at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.He is also a consultant on digital media,working actively with news companies on product,audience,and business strategies for digital transition.Dr Richard Fletcher is a Research Fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism.He is primarily interested in global trends in digital news consumption.In 2015 he authored a supplementary Digital News Report(published by RISJ)on digital news consumption in Poland,Austria,Czech Republic,Netherlands,Portugal,and Turkey.Richards original undergraduate and employment background was in computer science.Since then he has completed an MSc in Science,Medicine,Technology and Society from Imperial College London and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Surrey.Dr Rasmus Kleis Nielsen is Director of Research at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Press/Politics.His work focuses on changes in the news media,political communication,and the role of digital technologies in both.He has done extensive research on journalism,American politics,and various forms of activism,and a significant amount of comparative work in Western Europe and beyond.Recent books include The Changing Business of Journalism and its Implications for Democracy(2010,edited with David A.L.Levy),Ground Wars:Personalized Communication in Political Campaigns(2012),and Political Journalism in Transition:Western Europe in a Comparative Perspective(2014,edited with Raymond Kuhn).Country-level commentary and additional insight around media developments has been provided by academic partners and by our network of Reuters Journalist Fellows around the world.1 Authorship is referenced at the bottom of the respective country page in section 2.Additional expert analysis and interpretation of the survey data were provided by the team at YouGov,in particular Charlotte Clifford,Paul Marshall,David Eastbury,Ema Globyte,Stephanie Frost,and Ash Strange.1 Reuters Institute Fellowships offer an opportunity to mid-career journalists to spend time researching an aspect of journalism for one or more terms at the Institute in Oxford.67/This year we have evidence of the growth of distributed(offsite)news consumption,a sharpening move to mobile and we can reveal the full extent of ad-blocking worldwide.These three trends in combination are putting further severe pressure on the business models of both traditional publishers and new digital-born players as well as changing the way in which news is packaged and distributed.Across our 26 countries,we see a common picture of job losses,cost-cutting,and missed targets as falling print revenues combine with the brutal economics of digital in a perfect storm.Almost everywhere we see the further adoption of online platforms and devices for news largely as a supplement to broadcast but often at the expense of print.SOME OF THE KEY FINDINGS Across our entire sample,half(51%)say they use social media as a source of news each week.Around one in ten(12%)say it is their main source.Facebook is by far the most important network for finding,reading/watching,and sharing news.Social media are significantly more important for women(who are also less likely to go directly to a news website or app)and for the young.More than a quarter of 1824s say social media(28%)are their main source of news more than television(24%)for the first time.The growth of news accessed and increasingly consumed via social networks,portals and mobile apps means that the originating news brand gets clearly noticed less than half the time in the UK,and Canada.In countries like Japan and South Korea,where aggregated and distributed news is already more widespread,the brand only gets noticed around a quarter of the time when accessed through news portals.Television news still remains most important for older groups but overall usage has continued to decline,particularly for appointment to view bulletins and amongst younger groups.In terms of devices,smartphone usage for news is sharply up,reaching half of our global sample(53%),while computer use is falling and tablet growth is flattening out.Most consumers are still reluctant to pay for general news online,particularly in the highly competitive English-speaking world(9%average),but in some smaller countries,protected by language,people are twice as likely to pay.Business problems for many publishers have worsened with the rise of ad-blocking,which is running at between 10%(Japan)and 38%(Poland)but much higher amongst under-35s and people who use news the most.The vast majority of those who have ever downloaded a blocker are using them regularly,suggesting that once downloaded people rarely go back.Only around 8%of smartphone users currently use an ad-blocker but around a third of respondents say they plan to install one on their mobile in the next year.Although publishers and technology platforms are pushing online news video hard for commercial reasons,we find evidence that most consumers are still resistant.Three-quarters of respondents(78%)say they still mostly rel