@翻了个译，MTI专业辅导@翻了个译，MTI专业辅导Sothefirstantidepressantsweremadefrom,ofallthings,rocketfuel,leftoverafterWorldWarII.Whichisfitting,seeingastoday,oneinfivesoldiersdevelopdepression,orpost-traumaticstressdisorderorboth.Butit'snotjustsoldiersthatareathighriskforthesediseases.It'sfirefighters,ERdoctors,cancerpatients,aidworkers,refugees--anyoneexposedtotraumaormajorlifestress.Andyet,despitehowcommonplacethesedisordersare,ourcurrenttreatments,iftheyworkatall,onlysuppresssymptoms.In1798,whenEdwardJennerdiscoveredthefirstvaccine--ithappenedtobeforsmallpox--hedidn'tjustdiscoveraprophylacticforadisease,butawholenewwayofthinking:thatmedicinecouldpreventdisease.However,forover200years,thispreventionwasnotbelievedtoextendtopsychiatricdiseases.Until2014,whenmycolleagueandIaccidentallydiscoveredthefirstdrugsthatmightpreventdepressionandPTSD.Wediscoveredthedrugsinmice,andwe'recurrentlystudyingwhethertheyworkinhumans.Andthesepreventativepsychopharmaceuticalsarenotantidepressants.Theyareawholenewclassofdrug.Andtheyworkbyincreasingstressresilience,solet'scallthemresilienceenhancers.Sothinkbacktoastressfultimethatyou'vesincerecoveredfrom.Maybeabreakuporanexam,youmissedaflight.Stressresilienceistheactivebiologicalprocessthatallowsustobouncebackafterstress.Similartoifyouhaveacoldandyourimmunesystemfightsitoff.Andinsufficientresilienceinthefaceofasignificantenoughstressor,canresultinapsychiatricdisorder,suchasdepression.Infact,mostcasesofmajordepressivedisorderareinitiallytriggeredbystress.Andfromwhatwe'veseensofarinmice,resilienceenhancerscanprotectagainstpurelybiologicalstressors,likestresshormones,andsocialandpsychologicalstressors,likebullyingandisolation.Sohereisanexamplewherewegavemicethreeweeksofhighlevelsofstresshormones.So,inotherwords,abiologicalstressorwithoutapsychologicalcomponent.Andthiscausesdepressivebehavior.Andifwegivethreeweeksofantidepressanttreatmentbeforehand,ithasnobeneficialeffects.Butasingledoseofaresilienceenhancergivenaweekbeforecompletelypreventsthedepressivebehavior.Evenafterthreeweeksofstress.Thisisthefirsttimeadrughaseverbeenshowntopreventthenegativeeffectsofstress.DepressionandPTSDarechronic,oftenlifelong,clinicaldiseases.Theyalsoincreasetheriskofsubstanceabuse,homelessness,heartdisease,Alzheimer's,suicide.Theglobalcostofdepressionaloneisoverthreetrilliondollarsperyear.Butnow,imagineascenariowhereweknowsomeoneispredictivelyathighriskforexposuretoextremestress.Say,aredcrossvolunteergoingintoanearthquakezone.Inadditiontothetyphoidvaccine,wecouldgiveherapilloraninjectionofaresilienceenhancerbeforesheleaves.Sowhensheisheldatgunpointbylootersorworse,shewouldatleastbeprotectedagainstdevelopingdepressionorPTSDafterthefact.Itwon'tpreventherfromexperiencingthestress,butitwillallowhertorecoverfromit.Andthat'swhat'srevolutionaryhere.Byincreasingresiliency,wecandramaticallyreducehersusceptibilitytodepressionandPTSD,possiblysavingherfromlosingherjob,herhome,herfamilyorevenherlife.
