soft.studa.com_Ch06(1).ppt

6-0,CHAPTER,6,Some AlternativeInvestment Rules,6-1,Chapter Outline,6.1 Why Use Net Present Value?6.2 The Payback Period Rule6.3 The Discounted Payback Period Rule6.4 The Average Accounting Return6.5 The Internal Rate of Return6.6 Problems with the IRR Approach6.7 The Profitability Index6.8 The Practice of Capital Budgeting6.9 Summary and Conclusions,6-2,6.1 Why Use Net Present Value?,Accepting positive NPV projects benefits shareholders.NPV uses cash flowsNPV uses all the cash flows of the projectNPV discounts the cash flows properly,6-3,The Net Present Value(NPV)Rule,Net Present Value(NPV)=Total PV of future CFs+Initial InvestmentEstimating NPV:1.Estimate future cash flows:how much?and when?2.Estimate discount rate3.Estimate initial costsMinimum Acceptance Criteria:Accept if NPV 0Ranking Criteria:Choose the highest NPV,6-4,Good Attributes of the NPV Rule,1.Uses cash flows2.Uses ALL cash flows of the project3.Discounts ALL cash flows properlyReinvestment assumption:the NPV rule assumes that all cash flows can be reinvested at the discount rate.,6-5,6.2 The Payback Period Rule,How long does it take the project to“pay back”its initial investment?Payback Period=number of years to recover initial costsMinimum Acceptance Criteria:set by managementRanking Criteria:set by management,6-6,The Payback Period Rule(continued),Disadvantages:Ignores the time value of moneyIgnores cash flows after the payback periodBiased against long-term projectsRequires an arbitrary acceptance criteriaA project accepted based on the payback criteria may not have a positive NPVAdvantages:Easy to understandBiased toward liquidity,6-7,6.3 The Discounted PaybackPeriod Rule,How long does it take the project to“pay back”its initial investment taking the time value of money into account?By the time you have discounted the cash flows,you might as well calculate the NPV.,6-8,6.4 The Average Accounting Return Rule,Another attractive but fatally flawed approach.Ranking Criteria and Minimum Acceptance Criteria set by managementDisadvantages:Ignores the time value of moneyUses an arbitrary benchmark cutoff rateBased on book values,not cash flows and market valuesAdvantages:The accounting information is usually availableEasy to calculate,6-9,6.5 The Internal Rate of Return(IRR)Rule,IRR:the discount that sets NPV to zero Minimum Acceptance Criteria:Accept if the IRR exceeds the required return.Ranking Criteria:Select alternative with the highest IRRReinvestment assumption:All future cash flows assumed reinvested at the IRR.Disadvantages:Does not distinguish between investing and borrowing.IRR may not exist or there may be multiple IRR Problems with mutually exclusive investmentsAdvantages:Easy to understand and communicate,6-10,The Internal Rate of Return:Example,Consider the following project:,The internal rate of return for this project is 19.44%,6-11,The NPV Payoff Profile for This Example,If we graph NPV versus discount rate,we can see the IRR as the x-axis intercept.,6-12,6.6 Problems with the IRR Approach,Multiple IRRs.Are We Borrowing or Lending?The Scale ProblemThe Timing Problem,6-13,Multiple IRRs,There are two IRRs for this project:,Which one should we use?,6-14,The Scale Problem,Would you rather make 100%or 50%on your investments?What if the 100%return is on a$1 investment while the 50%return is on a$1,000 investment?,6-15,The Timing Problem,The preferred project in this case depends on the discount rate,not the IRR.,6-16,The Timing Problem,6-17,Calculating the Crossover Rate,Compute the IRR for either project“A-B”or“B-A”,6-18,Mutually Exclusive vs.Independent Project,Mutually Exclusive Projects:only ONE of several potential projects can be chosen,e.g.acquiring an accounting system.RANK all alternatives and select the best one.Independent Projects:accepting or rejecting one project does not affect the decision of the other projects.Must exceed a MINIMUM acceptance criteria.,6-19,6.7 The Profitability Index(PI)Rule,Minimum Acceptance Criteria:Accept if PI 1Ranking Criteria:Select alternative with highest PIDisadvantages:Problems with mutually exclusive investmentsAdvantages:May be useful when available investment funds are limitedEasy to understand and communicateCorrect decision when evaluating independent projects,6-20,6.8 The Practice of Capital Budgeting,Varies by industry:Some firms use payback,others use accounting rate of return.The most frequently used technique for large corporations is IRR or NPV.,6-21,Example of Investment Rules,Compute the IRR,NPV,PI,and payback period for the following two projects.Assume the required return is 10%.Year Project A Project B0-$200-$1501$200$502$800$1003-$800$150,6-22,Example of Investment Rules,Project AProject BCF0-$200.00-$150.00PV0 of CF1-3$241.92$240.80NPV=$41.92$90.80IRR=0%,100%36.19%PI=1.20961.6053,6-23,Example of Investment Rules,Payback Period:Project AProject B Time CF Cum.CFCF Cum.CF0-200-200-150-1501200050-100280080010003-8000150150Payback period for project B=2 years.Payback period for project A=1 or 3 years?,6-24,Relationship Between NPV and IRR,Discount rate NPV for A NPV for B-10%-87.52234.770%0.00150.0020%59.2647.9240%59.48-8.6060%42.19-43.0780%20.85-65.64100%0.00-81.25120%-18.93-92.52,6-25,($200),($100),$0,$100,$200,$300,$400,-15%,0%,15%,30%,45%,70%,100%,130%,160%,190%,Discount rates,NPV,NPV Profiles,Cross-over Rate,6-26,6.9 Summary and Conclusions,This chapter evaluates the most popular alternatives to NPV:Payback periodAccounting rate of returnInternal rate of returnProfitability indexWhen it is all said and done,they are not the NPV rule;for those of us in finance,it makes them decidedly second-rate.,