MHE_Rdg_Wonders_LvRdr_G6_ELL_U6W4_29.pdf

THEANCIENT CITY OF URBY MARIA GILLExpository TextPAIREDREADThe GameProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60CV_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 2CV_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 26/03/12 12:34 PM6/03/12 12:34 PMSTRATEGIES&SKILLSAPhotography Credit:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images*The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only.Numerals and words in captions,labels,diagrams,charts,and sidebars are not included.ComprehensionStrategy:SummarizeSkill:SequenceVocabulary StrategyGreek RootsVocabularybedrock,embarked,excavation,exquisite,intriguing,intrinsic,methodical,meticulouslyELL Vocabularycanals,indicate,inhabitantsContent StandardsSocial StudiesGeographyWord Count:1,925*Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 10121ISBN:978-0-02-118745-4MHID:0-02-118745-2Printed in the United States.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 26/03/12 12:35 PM6/03/12 12:35 PMTHE?CIENT CITY OF URBY MARIA GILLEssential QuestionWhat can scientists reveal about ancient civilizations?PAIREDREADIntroduction .2Chapter 1Discovering a City.4Chapter 2An Advanced Civilization .8Chapter 3The Graves.12Conclusion.16Respond to Reading.18The Game.19Glossary.22Index.23Focus on Social Studies.24Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 16/03/12 12:49 PM6/03/12 12:49 PMIRAQEuphrates River URBaghdadBasrahTigrisRiver INTRODUCTION In 1922,an archaeologist named Leonard Woolley embarked on a journey to southern Iraq.The British Museum had asked Woolley to study a large mound in the desert.The mound contained the ruins of a building called a ziggurat.The ziggurat had been built centuries before when the area was called Sumer.The ziggurat was an important site in the ancient Sumerian city-state of Ur.It is known as the Great Ziggurat of Ur.Woolleys job was to study the people who had lived in Ur.Woolleys discoveries demonstrated that Ur was an advanced civilization.Ur was located by the Euphrates River.Civilizations that develop near rivers often prosper,or do well,because waterways make it possible to grow crops,create transportation systems,and trade goods.SYRIASAUDI ARABIAIRANTUTUTUTUTUTUTUTUTU U UTUTUTUTUTUTUTUTUT R R R R RKRKRKRKRKRKRKRKRKR RKRKRKRKRKRKRK KEYEYE EYE EY Y Y Y Y YEYEYE EYEY YEYEYEYEYEYEYEKU U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U UWWWWWWWWWWWWWAWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ITPERSIAN GULFNSWEUr was located near the Euphrates River.Today,the river is nearly 10 miles(16 kilometers)away from the site of Ur.MODERN-DAY IRAQ2Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 2001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 26/03/12 12:49 PM6/03/12 12:49 PMmounddesertTo begin the excavation,Woolley and his team dug two large trenches near the ziggurat.In the first trench,Woolley discovered evidence of graves and gold.Woolley called this the Gold Trench.Woolley knew that his workers needed to learn more skills so that they could carry out a successful excavation.The Gold Trench was not touched again until 1927,when the workers had learned the skills.The second trench was called Trench B.In Trench B,Woolley found the ruins of the city of Ur.Ur was one of the most incredible archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century.The Great Ziggurat of Ur is one of Iraqs most important sites.In Other Words do,complete.En espaol,carry out quiere decir completar o llevar a cabo.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:603(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)courtesy of The Gertrude Bell Archive,Newcastle University,UK001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 3001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 36/03/12 12:49 PM6/03/12 12:49 PMCHAPTER 1DISCOVERING A CITYIn 1923,Woolley and his team began to study the Great Ziggurat of Ur.First,they meticulously cleared away tons of rubble to uncover the ziggurat.The ziggurat had been built with clay bricks because there werent suitable rocks to build with in the area.The Sumerians were near the river,so they had to protect their buildings from flooding.The ziggurat had an outer layer of bricks that had been sealed with a tar-like material for protection.THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF URThe Great Ziggurat of Ur was made up of a large platform with two smaller platforms on top.There were brick staircases between the platforms.There once would have been a temple on the highest platform.However,no part of the temple remained.Woolley discovered that none of the walls were straight.The walls sloped inward,which made the building look very strong.Woolley believed this was made by an advanced civilization.ZIGGURATSNo one knows the exact purpose of ziggurats.The Sumerians believed that the gods came from the mountains.Maybe the people built ziggurats to look like mountains.Or maybe the temples were built high up so the gods could come to Earth easily.4Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 4001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 46/03/12 12:50 PM6/03/12 12:50 PMclay bricksTHE FIRST TEMPLEWoolley discovered a small,square building with five rooms near the ziggurat.Inscriptions on the bricks inside the building showed that the building was a sacred temple called E-nun-mah.The temple honored Nannar,the moon god.Woolley learned that the temple walls were much older than the floor.Woolley thought that this might indicate that there was another level of the temple below the floor.Woolleys workers dug below the bricks in one room.They found gold beads,earrings,and necklaces.King Ur-Nammu built the temple of E-nun-mah more than 4,000 years ago.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:605(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography(b)Library of Congress/American Colony(Jerusalem),Photo Dept.001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 5001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 56/03/12 12:50 PM6/03/12 12:50 PMTHE HIGH PRIESTESSWoolley discovered two more buildings near E-nun-mah.One building,named E-dub-lal-mah,contained a shrine in which the priestesses worshipped Nannar.The other building,called E-gi-par,was where the daughter of King Nabonidus lived.The king had made his daughter a high priestess.Woolley discovered clay tablets in E-gi-par.On one tablet,a teacher had written a sentence,and on the other side,a student had tried to copy the sentence.There also was a tablet that looked like a spelling book.The tablet contained columns of words all beginning with the same syllable.Woolley believed that the high priestess had taught lessons in these rooms.As they excavated,Woolleys team found benches,altars,and tables.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:606DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 6001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 66/03/12 12:50 PM6/03/12 12:50 PMIn the shrine in E-dub-lal-mah,archaeologists discovered a statue of King Dungi.Dungi was the son of Ur-Nammu,who reigned from 2094 to 2047 B.C.E.There also was a stone weapon older than the statue of King Dungi,and clay tablets from 2000 B.C.E.Woolley wondered why objects from different time periods were together in one place.He found the answer to this intriguing puzzle on some drum-shaped pieces of clay.Each piece of clay had inscriptions that described an object in the room.Woolley realized that the room was a museum and that the high priestess had put the museum together.Each piece of clay was a label for an object in the museum.STOP AND CHECKWhat types of buildings did Woolley fi rst discover in the Great Ziggurat complex?7Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:607(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington,D.C.20540 USA001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 7001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 76/03/12 12:50 PM6/03/12 12:50 PMWoolleyworkersCHAPTER 2AN ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONWoolleys excavations showed that the Sumerians in Ur had an advanced civilization.The people used irrigation,traded goods,and had a written language.CITY OF TREESAs Woolley continued his excavation,he found tall,narrow slits in the walls of the first level of the ziggurat.Near the ziggurat,Woolley found a building damaged by tree branches.Trees could not have grown in the building because it had a roof.The only place trees could have grown was on the ziggurats platforms.Probably the slits were part of an irrigation system to water the trees.Woolley also found signs that the inhabitants had irrigated crops by using canals and dams.Woolley guided each excavation carefully.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:608DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 8001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 86/03/12 12:50 PM6/03/12 12:50 PMThe word of is a preposition.Find another preposition on this page.LanguageDetectivecarvingTRADING ALONG THE RIVERWoolley also found evidence that the people of Ur produced goods and transported these goods along the river.Clay tablets contain records of trade transactions,and sales and leases of property.Woolley learned that the people of Ur bought and sold exquisite artwork and jewels.He found jewelry made from gold and semiprecious stones.Some of these gemstones were not available in Ur.The people of Ur must have traded for them.This piece of the Stele of Ur-Nammu shows the god Nannar seated on a throne.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:609(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)World History Archive/Alamy 001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 9001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 96/03/12 12:50 PM6/03/12 12:50 PMCLUES IN CLAY King Ur-Nammu began building the ziggurat in about 2100 B.C.E.His son,King Dungi,completed the ziggurat and temple complex.Later,other kings added more buildings.In about 600 B.C.E.,a 6-foot-high mud brick wall,called the Temenos Wall,was built.It circled around the other sacred buildings.This information was found on inscribed cylinders of baked clay.Other cylinders contained the names of royal family members and the purpose of rooms.Sumerians inscribed cylinders and tablets by scratching into wet clay with a reed.Inscribed bricks like this one can tell archaeologists the purpose of an ancient building.brickinscriptionCharles&Josette Lenars/CORBIS10Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 10010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 106/03/12 1:16 PM6/03/12 1:16 PMThe inscriptions were written in an ancient script called cuneiform.The word cuneiform comes from the Latin word cuneus,meaning“wedge.”The reeds made a wedge shape on the clay.A language expert deciphered,or figured out,the cuneiform for Woolley.Few people knew how to read cuneiform in the 1920s.Cuneiform is probably one of the oldest written languages in the world.It first appeared in Sumer more than 5,000 years ago.Cuneiform uses pictographs,or pictures,that represent an object or idea.HOW CUNEIFORM DEVELOPED STOP AND CHECKWhat discoveries show that Ur had an advanced civilization?NameEarliest Outline CharactersArchaic CuneiformLate BabylonianPictograph4500 B.C.E.2500 B.C.E.500 B.C.E.DayHandBirdFish(bkgd)Aaron Roeth PhotographyProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:6011010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 11010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 116/03/12 1:16 PM6/03/12 1:16 PMCHAPTER 3 THE GRAVESIn 1927,Woolleys team began excavation of the Gold Trench.They had learned the skills needed to study graves.COMMONERS GRAVESThe workers first found hundreds of commoners graves.These were the graves of the local village people.White powder marked each grave.The powder was the remains of a reed mat that had lined the grave.The commoners graves often contained beads,earrings,knives or daggers,and clay cylinders.Some of the graves also had offerings to the dead.These offerings included food and drink,weapons,and tools.The phrase of the Gold Trench is a prepositional phrase.What noun does it modify?LanguageDetectiveProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:6012010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 12010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 126/03/12 1:16 PM6/03/12 1:16 PMIn March 1927,the workers found a large pit,or hole,under many graves.The bottom of the pit was lined with limestone.Woolley was surprised because the builders would have had to travel more than 30 miles(50 kilometers)to find limestone.Why would the builders go to the trouble?The answer was in a two-room stone structure attached to the pit.There was a ramp cut into the bedrock and at the bottom of the ramp was a tomb.Woolley had discovered the first royal grave.Prince Mes-kalam-dugs tomb in Ur contained tools,bowls,and weapons made from gold and copper.Inside the coffin was a silver belt with a gold dagger and hundreds of lapis lazuli and gold beads.There also was a gold headdress,a gold helmet,and lots of jewelry.PRINCE MES-KALAM-DUG S TREASURESThis gold helmet was the best treasure in Prince Mes-kalam-dugs grave.In Other Words bother.En espaol,go to the trouble quiere decir molestarse en hacer algo.was in Prince grave.(bkgd)Aaron Roeth Photography,(b)The Granger Collection,NYC All rights reserved13Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 13010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 136/03/12 1:16 PM6/03/12 1:16 PMA SURPRISING DISCOVERY By early 1928,the workers had dug 26 feet below the surface.The workers found a shaft formed by mud bricks.Below the shaft was a large pit.This pit contained the bodies of men and women.It also contained treasures.The bodies were neatly laid out in rows across the floor.Woolley called this place the Great Death Pit.An artist drew this reconstruction of people and animals walking into the burial shaft.shaftThe Trustees of the British MuseumProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W4 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:6014010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 14010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W4L60_E_118745.indd 146/03/12 1:16 PM6/03/12 1:16 PMWoolley believed the bodies were servants to the king or queen.The servants might have considered it a privilege to be buried with royalty.However,Woolley did no