主讲：易思雯语言学3LinguisticsMinimalPairComplementaryDistributionPhonemeAllophone2句间涵义关系句间涵义关系（1）XissynonymouswithY(X与Y同义)X与Y在意义上是等同关系。若X为真，则Y为真；若X为假，Y也为假。“同真同假”例：X：Hewasabachelorallhislife.Y:Henevergotmarriedallhislife.句间涵义关系（2）XisinconsistentwithY(X与Y不一致)X与Y在意义上相互矛盾。若X为真，则Y为假；若Y为真，则X为假。“X真-Y假，Y真-X假”例：X：ThisismyfirsttimetoBeijing.Y:IhavebeenBeijingtwice.句间涵义关系XentailsY.=YisanentailmentofX看见entail想到“前推后”，看到entailment想到“后推前”。记忆口诀：真—真，假—真假。e.g.Marybrokethewindow.—Thewindowwasbroken.SueandFredwenttotheparty.—Suewenttotheparty.小试牛刀1.Whichofthefollowingisanentailmentoftheutterance“Anniebrokethewindow”?A.Anniewascareless.B.Anniewasdisruptive.C.Anniedidsomethingtothewindow.D.ItisAnniewhobrokethewindow.句间涵义关系Speakerswouldhavepresuppositionbeforemakinganutterance.XpresupposesY.=YisaprerequisiteofX.(X可以预设Y，Y是X的前提条件。)记忆口诀：真—真，假—真。e.g.Mary'sdogiscute.(Maryhasadog.)Mary'sdogisnotcute.(Maryhasadog.)小试牛刀1.Thesemanticrelationshipbetweenthetwosentences“Mary'ssonisanengineer.”and“Maryhasason.”is.A.entailmentB.presuppositionC.synonymyD.inconsistency句间涵义关系（5）Xisacontradiction(X自相矛盾)WhenXisacontradiction,itisinvariablyfalse.e.g.Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.小结一下Part6语用学（Pragmatics）A语用学定义B言语行为C合作原则&会话含义言内行为（LocutionaryAct）指说出合乎语言习惯的、有意义的话语；言语行为言外行为（IllocutionaryAct）言外行为涉及说话者的意图，是指在特定的语境中赋予有意义的话语一种“言语行为力量（IllocutionaryForce）”，即语力，比如通过说话来做出声明或是承诺、要求等，或使用句子起到命令、请求等作用；言后行为（PerlocutionaryAct）言后行为指说话行为或施事行为在听者身上所产生的某种效果。1.—A:Let‘sgotothemovietonight.—B:I'dliketo,butIhavetostudyforanexam.Intheconversationabove,B'sdeclineoftheproposaliscategorizedasakindof________.A.illocutionaryactB.perlocutionaryactC.proposit...
