NICDNucleusCytoplasmFrizzledGαq/oErk1/2NanogNICDSox2Oct-4Erk1/2Ras/RafGeneExpressionPluripotencyandSelfRenewalhESCmarkers:GeneExpressionGeneExpressionAktSmad2/3Smad2/3Smad2/3Smad2/3Smad2/3β-Cateninβ-Cateninβ-CateninSmad4Smad4Smad1/5/8Smad1/5/8Smad1/5/8Smad1/5/8Smad4Smad1/5/8PI3KIGF-IRFGFRTGF-β/Activin/NodalBMPMEK1/2PP2ALRPWntSARAAxinAPCGSK-3γ−SecretaseSSEA3/4TRA-1-60TRA-1-81Oct-4Sox2NanogDifferentiationEndodermMesodermEctodermPrimordialGermCellsNotchESCPluripotencyandDifferentiationwww.cellsignal.com©2009–2010CellSignalingTechnology,Inc.ESCPluripotencyandDifferentiation•createdMay2009•revisedNovember2010DirectStimulatoryModificationKinasePhosphataseCaspaseReceptorCyclin,pro-apoptoticEnzymepro-survivalGAP/GEFGTPaseG-protein,ribosomalsubunitTranscriptionFactorTranscriptionalStimulationTranscriptionalInhibitionTranslocationSeparationofSubunitsorCleavageProductsJoiningofSubunitsDirectInhibitoryModificationMultistepStimulatoryModificationMultistepInhibitoryModificationTentativeStimulatoryModificationTentativeInhibitoryModificationSignalingPathwaysKeywww.cellsignal.com©2003-2010CellSignalingTechnology,Inc.AcetylaseDeacetylase
