补充讲义Unit9Text1Inagrarian,pre-industrialEurope,“you’dwanttowakeupearly,startworkingwiththesunrise,haveabreaktohavethelargestmeal,andthenyou’dgobacktowork,”saysKenAlbala,aprofessorhistoryattheUniversityofthePacific.“Later,at5or6,you’dhaveasmallersupper.”Thiscomfortablecycle,inwhichtherhythmsofthedayhelpedshapetherhythmsofthemeals,gaverisetothecustomofthelargemiddaymeal,eatenwiththeextendedfamily.“Mealsarethefoundationofthefamily,”saysCaroleCounihan,aprofessoratMillersvilleUniversityinPennsylvania,“sotherewasaveryimportantinterconnectionbetweeneatingtogether”andstrengtheningfamilyties.Sinceindustrialization,maintainingsuchaslowculturalmetabolismhasbeenmuchharder,withthelongmiddaymealshrinkingtowhatevercouldbestuffedintoalunchbucketorboughtatafoodstand.Certainly,therewerebenefits.Moderntechniquesforproducingandshippingfoodledtogreatervarietyandquantity,includingatremendousincreaseintheamountofanimalproteinanddairyproductsavailable,makingusmorevigorousthanourancestors.Yetplentyhasbeenlosttoo,eveninculturesthatstilllivetoeat.TakeItaly.It’snosecretthattheMediterraneandietishealthy,butitwasalsoajoytoprepareandeat.Italians,saysCounihan,traditionallybeganthedaywithasmallmeal.Thebigmealcameataround1p.m.Inbetweenthemiddaymealandalate,smallerdinnercameasmallsnack.Today,whentimezoneshavelessandlessmeaning,thereislittletoleranceforoffices’closingforlunch,andworseningtrafficincitiesmeansworkerscan’tmakeithomeandbackfastenoughanyway.Sotheformerlysmallsuppergettogether.“Theeveningmealcarriesthefullburdenthatusedtobespreadovertwomeals,”saysCounihan.1.Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutpeopleinpre-industrialEurope?A)Theyhadtoworkfromearlymorningtilllateatnight.B)Theyweresobusyworkingthattheyonlyatesimplemeals.C)Theirdailyroutinefollowedtherhythmofthenaturalcycle.D)Theirlifewasmuchmorecomfortablethanthatoftoday.2.WhatdoesProfessorCaroleCounihansayaboutpre-industrialEuropeanfamilieseatingmealstogether?A)Itwashelpfultomaintainanation’stradition.B)Itbroughtfamilymember...
