StatisticalAnalysiswithRbyJosephSchmuller,PhDStatisticalAnalysiswithRForDummies®Publishedby:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,www.wiley.comCopyright©2017byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJerseyPublishedsimultaneouslyinCanadaNopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSections107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.Trademarks:Wiley,ForDummies,theDummiesManlogo,Dummies.com,MakingEverythingEasier,andrelatedtradedressaretrademarksorregisteredtrademarksofJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.andmaynotbeusedwithoutwrittenpermission.Allothertrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.isnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.LIMITOFLIABILITY/DISCLAIMEROFWARRANTY:THEPUBLISHERANDTHEAUTHORMAKENOREPRESENTATIONSORWARRANTIESWITHRESPECTTOTHEACCURACYORCOMPLETENESSOFTHECONTENTSOFTHISWORKANDSPECIFICALLYDISCLAIMALLWARRANTIES,INCLUDINGWITHOUTLIMITATIONWARRANTIESOFFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.NOWARRANTYMAYBECREATEDOREXTENDEDBYSALESORPROMOTIONALMATERIALS.THEADVICEANDSTRATEGIESCONTAINEDHEREINMAYNOTBESUITABLEFOREVERYSITUATION.THISWORKISSOLDWITHTHEUNDERSTANDINGTHATTHEPUBLISHERISNOTENGAGEDINRENDERINGLEGAL,ACCOUNTING,OROTHERPROFESSIONALSERVICES.IFPROFESSIONALASSISTANCEISREQUIRED,THESERVICESOFACOMPETENTPROFESSIONALPERSONSHOULDBESOUGHT.NEITHERTHEPUBLISHERNORTHEAUTHORSHALLBELIABLEFORDAMAGESARISINGHEREFROM.THEFACTTHATANORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEISREFERREDTOINTHISWORKASACITATIONAND/ORAPOTENTIALSOURCEOFFURTHERINFORMATIONDOESNOTMEANTHATTHEAUTHORORTHEPUBLISHERENDORSESTHEINFORMATIONTHEORGANIZATIONORWEBSITEMAYPROVIDEORRECOMMENDATIONSITMAYMAKE.FURTHER,READERSSHOULDBEAWARETH...
