EditedbySubhasisBera,YixinYao,AmitenduPalit,andDilB.RahutASIANDEVELOPMENTBANKINSTITUTEDIGITALTRANSFORMATIONFORINCLUSIVEANDSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTINASIAASIANDEVELOPMENTBANKINSTITUTEDigitalTransformationforInclusiveandSustainableDevelopmentinAsiaEditedbySubhasisBera,YixinYao,AmitenduPalit,andDilB.RahutInstituteofSouthAsianStudies©2023AsianDevelopmentBankInstituteAllrightsreserved.ISBN978-4-89974-299-9(Print)ISBN978-4-89974-300-2(PDF)DOI:https://doi.org/10.56506/HSDC4319TheviewsinthispublicationdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheAsianDevelopmentBankInstitute(ADBI),itsAdvisoryCouncil,ADB’sBoardorGovernors,orthegovernmentsofADBmembers.ADBIdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ADBIusesproperADBmembernamesandabbreviationsthroughoutandanyvariationorinaccuracy,includingincitationsandreferences,shouldbereadasreferringtothecorrectname.Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm“recognize,”“country,”orothergeographicalnamesinthispublication,ADBIdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.Usersarerestrictedfromreselling,redistributing,orcreatingderivativeworkswithouttheexpress,writtenconsentofADBI.ADBrecognizes“China”asthePeople’sRepublicofChina;and“Korea”astheRepublicofKorea.Note:Inthispublication,“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars.AsianDevelopmentBankInstituteKasumigasekiBuilding8F3-2-5,Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-kuTokyo100-6008,Japanwww.adbi.orgiiiContentsTablesandFiguresvAbbreviationsviiiContributorsxAcknowledgmentsxiiiIntroduction:NavigatingtheDigitalDivide—Connectivity,Inclusion,andProgressinAsiaandthePacificxivSubhasisBera,DilRahut,AmitenduPalit,andYixinYaoPARTI:BridgingtheDigitalDivide1.InequalityandAccesstoMobileData1JonathanBrewerandYooneeJeong2.DigitalDivideAmongMicro,Small,andMedium-SizedEnterprises:WhatCanWeLearnfromHouseholdEnterprises?29EishaMaghfiruhaRachbini,AriyoDharmaPahlaIrhamna,andSyifa...
