TWELFTHEDITIONCHEMISTRYTHECENTRALSCIENCETheodoreL.BrownUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaignH.EugeneLEMay,Jr.UniversityofNevada,RenoBruceE.BurstenUniversityofTennessee,KnoxvilleCatherineJ.MurphyUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaignPatrickM.WoodwardTheOhioStateUniversityTWELFTHEDITIONCHEMISTRYTHECENTRALSCIENCEEditorinChief,Chemistry:AdamJaworskiAcquisitionsEditor:TerryHaugenMarketingManager:ErinGardnerProjectEditor:JenniferHartEditorialAssistant:CatherineMartinezMarketingAssistant:NicolaHoustonVP/ExecutiveDirector,Development:CarolTrueheartDevelopmentEditor,Text:IreneNunesDevelopmentEditor,Art:GregGambinoManagingEditor,ChemistryandGeosciences:GinaM.CheselkaProjectManager:ShariToronFull-ServiceProjectManagement/Composition:RebeccaDunn/Preparé,Inc.SeniorManufacturingandOperationsManager:NickSklitsisOperationsSpecialist:MauraZaldivarArtDirector:MarkOngSeniorTechnicalArtSpecialist:ConnieLongArtStudio:PrecisionGraphicsPhotoResearchManager:ElaineSoaresPhotoResearcher:EricSchraderSeniorMediaProducer:AngelaBernhardtAssociateMediaProducer:KristinMayoMediaSupervisor:LizWinerProductionCoordinator,Media:ShannonKongElectrostaticPotentialMaps:RichardJohnson,ChemistryDepartment,UniversityofNewHampshireCoverCredit:GraphenebyDr.JannikC.MeyeroftheUniversityofUlm,GermanyCopyright©2012,2009,2006,2003,2000,1997,1994,1991,1988,1985,1981,1977PearsonEducation,Inc.,publishingasPearsonPrenticeHall.Allrightsreserved.ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ThispublicationisprotectedbyCopyrightandpermissionshouldbeobtainedfromthepublisherpriortoanyprohibitedreproduction,storageinaretrievalsystem,ortransmissioninanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orlikewise.Toobtainpermission(s)tousematerialfromthiswork,pleasesubmitawrittenrequesttoPearsonEducation,Inc.,PermissionsDepartment,1900E.LakeAve.,Glenview,IL60025.Manyofthedesignationsusedbymanufacturersandsellerstodistinguishtheirproductsareclaimedastrademarks.Wherethosedesignationsappearinthisbook,andthepublisherwasa...
