AnAmericanNationalStandardANSI/PMI99-001-2008ProjectManagementInstituteAGuidetotheProjectMAnAGeMentBodyofKnowledGe(PMBOK®Guide)—FourthEditionThiscopyisaPMImemberbenefit,notfordistribution,saleorreproduction.ISBN:978-1-933890-51-7Publishedby:ProjectManagementInstitute,Inc.14CampusBoulevardNewtownSquare,Pennsylvania19073-3299USA.Phone:+610-356-4600Fax:+610-356-4647E-mail:customercare@pmi.orgInternet:www.PMI.org/Marketplace©2008ProjectManagementInstitute,Inc.Allrightsreserved.“PMI”,thePMIlogo,“PMP”,thePMPlogo,“PMBOK”,“PgMP”,“ProjectManagementJournal”,“PMNetwork”,andthePMITodaylogoareregisteredmarksofProjectManagementInstitute,Inc.TheQuarterGlobeDesignisatrademarkoftheProjectManagementInstitute,Inc.ForacomprehensivelistofPMImarks,contactthePMILegalDepartment.PMIPublicationswelcomescorrectionsandcommentsonitsbooks.Pleasefeelfreetosendcommentsontypographical,formatting,orothererrors.Simplymakeacopyoftherelevantpageofthebook,marktheerror,andsenditto:BookEditor,PMIPublications,14CampusBoulevard,NewtownSquare,PA19073-3299USA.Toinquireaboutdiscountsforresaleoreducationalpurposes,pleasecontactthePMIBookServiceCenter.PMIBookServiceCenterP.O.Box932683,Atlanta,GA31193-2683USAPhone:1-866-276-4764(withintheU.S.orCanada)or+1-770-280-4129(globally)Fax:+1-770-280-4113E-mail:book.orders@pmi.orgPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,manual,photocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.ThepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththePermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNationalInformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48—1984).1098765432Certno.SW-COC-001530ThiscopyisaPMImemberbenefit,notfordistribution,saleorreproduction.noticeTheProjectManagementInstitute,Inc.(PMI)standardsandguidelinepublications,ofwhichthedocumentcontainedhereinisone,aredevelopedthroughavoluntaryconsensusstandardsdevelopmentprocess.Thisprocessbringstogethervolunteersand/orseeksoutthev...
