LeonardodaVinciprogrammeEuropeanCommissionWritinginEnglishAPracticalHandbookforScientificandTechnicalWritersAPilotProjectProjectPartnersZuzanaSvobodova,TechnicalUniversityBrno,CzechRepublicHeidrunKatzorkeandUrsulaJaekel,TechnischeUniversität,Chemnitz,GermanyStefaniaDugovicovaandMikeScoggin,ComeniusUniversity,Bratislava,SlovakiaPeterTreacher,ELTCentre,UniversityofEssex,EnglandWritinginEnglishAPracticalHandbookforScientificandTechnicalWritersCONTENTSPageNo.PageNo.Foreword1TypesofWriting1.1ScientificArticles11.2ResearchPapers21.3Proposals32Composition2.1Titles52.2PlanningyourWriting62.3ParagraphWriting72.4Introductions92.5WritingtheMainBody122.6Conclusions142.7SectionsofaResearchPaper172.8DescribingTablesandGraphs182.9Referencing192.10Plagiarism212.11Abstracts212.12SummaryWriting243Style3.1Objectivity273.2Clarity283.3Formality293.4Hedging293.5Signposting314Languagefunctions4.1AgreeingandDisagreeing354.2Classifying364.3ComparingandContrasting374.4Defining394.5Emphasising414.6Generalising434.7Paraphrasing454.8Quoting475Grammar5.1Adverbs515.2Articles535.3Numbers565.4PassiveVoice565.5Punctuation585.6VerbTenses625.7WordOrder656Words6.1Abbreviations676.2Prefixes686.3Suffixes70ForewordNosciencestandsalone.Ifresearchdone,findingsfound,conclusionsdrawnarenotpresentedtotheworldthenitisarguablewhethertheyareofanyrealuseatall.Thereasonfortheresearchpaperistopresentthefindingstotheworld,tosharetheinformationlearnedforotherstodowithitwhattheywill.Whytheresearchwasoriginallyconductedisofinterest,buttheresearcher’sintentions,goalsandconclusionsarenottheend.Forexample,azoologist’spublishedobservationsofthechemicalmeansoftrailmarkingbyantsmaybereadbyabiochemist,whointurnresearchesthemake-upofthechemical.Thesefindingsarethenreadbyachemistwhosynthesisesthechemicalandthroughthatresearchfindsameansofbondingthatisbothdurable,butremovable.Meanwhileascientistinroboticsreadsthezoologist’sworkandotherpossibilitiesarise.Thisroboticistcreatesarobotthatcandetectandrespondtochemicalsappliedli...
