ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectSeminarsinCancerBiologyjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/semcancerReviewCancerstemcells:Regulationprograms,immunologicalpropertiesandimmunotherapyDingxiaoZhanga,b,⁎,DeanG.Tanga,c,⁎,KieraRycaja,⁎aDepartmentofPharmacology&Therapeutics,RoswellParkComprehensiveCancerCenter,Buffalo,NY,14263,USAbKeyLabofAgriculturalAnimalGenetics,Breeding&ReproductionofMinistryofEducation,CollegeofAnimalScienceandTechnology,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan,430070,ChinacCancerStemCellInstitute,ResearchCenterforTranslationalMedicine,EastHospital,TongjiUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai,200120,ChinaARTICLEINFOKeywords:CancerstemcellsImmunogenicityImmunotherapyProstatecancerstemcellsStemcellgenomicsABSTRACTItisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatvirtuallyalltypesofhumancancersharborasmallpopulationofstem-likecancercells(i.e.,cancerstemcells,CSCs).TheseCSCspreexistinprimarytumors,canself-renewandaremoretolerantofstandardtreatments,suchasantimitoticandmolecularlytargetedagents,mostofwhichpre-ferentiallyeliminatedifferentiatedandproliferatingcancercells.CSCsarethereforepostulatedastherootoftherapyresistance,relapseandmetastasis.Asidefromsurgery,radiation,andchemotherapy,immunotherapyisnowestablishedasthefourthpillarinthetherapeuticarmamentariumforpatientswithcancer,especiallylate-stageandadvancedcancers.AbetterunderstandingofCSCimmunologicalpropertiesshouldleadtodevelop-mentofnovelimmunologicapproachestargetingCSCs,which,inturn,mayhelppreventtumorrecurrenceandeliminateresidualdiseases.Here,withafocusonCSCsinsolidtumors,wereviewCSCregulationprogramsandrecenttranscriptomics-basedimmunologicalprofilingdataspecifictoCSCs.ByhighlightingCSCantigensthatcouldpotentiallybeimmunogenic,wefurtherdiscusshowCSCscanbetargetedimmunologically.1.IntroductionHumancancerisaheterogeneousdiseasewithmosttumorscon-tainingphenotypicallyandfunctionallydistinctsubsetsofcells[1].Mountingevidencehasestablishedthepresenceofarelativelysmallpopulationofcancercellswithstem-likeprop...
