Molecularimagingofthetumormicroenvironment☆ZhuxianZhoua,⁎,Zheng-RongLub,⁎⁎aCenterforBionanoengineeringandStateKeyLaboratoryofChemicalEngineering,DepartmentofChemicalandBiologicalEngineering,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310027,ChinabCaseCenterforBiomolecularEngineering,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,CaseWesternReserveUniversity,Cleveland,OH44106,USAabstractarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received14July2016Accepted28July2016Availableonline4August2016Thetumormicroenvironmentplaysacriticalroleintumorinitiation,progression,metastasis,andresistancetotherapy.Itisdifferentfromnormaltissueintheextracellularmatrix,vascularandlymphaticnetworks,aswellasphysiologicconditions.Molecularimagingofthetumormicroenvironmentprovidesabetterunderstandingofitsfunctionincancerbiology,andthusallowingforthedesignofnewdiagnosticsandtherapeuticsforearlycancerdiagnosisandtreatment.Theclinicaltranslationofcancermolecularimagingisoftenhamperedbythehighcostofcommercializationoftargetedimagingagentsaswellasthelimitedclinicalapplicationsandsmallmarketsizeofsomeoftheagents.Becausemanydifferentcancertypessharesimilartumormicroenvironmentfeatures,theabilitytotargetthesebiomarkershasthepotentialtoprovideclinicallytranslatablemolecularim-agingtechnologiesforaspectrumofcancersandbroadclinicalapplications.Therehasbeensignificantprogressintargetingthetumormicroenvironmentforcancermolecularimaging.Inthisreview,wesummarizetheprin-ciplesandstrategiesofrecentadvancesmadeinmolecularimagingofthetumormicroenvironment,usingvar-iousimagingmodalitiesforearlydetectionanddiagnosisofcancer.©2016ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:MolecularimagingTumormicroenvironmentCancerBiomarkersExtracellularmatrixContents1.Introduction...............................................................252.Biomarkers,imagingprobes,andimagingmodalitiesforTMEimaging.....................................252.1.BiomarkersinTME.........................................................252.2.Imagingagents..........................................
