ImmunologicalReviews.2020;297:123–138.|123wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/imr1|INTRODUCTIONOurinnateimmunesystemorchestratesafirstandrapidresponseagainstmicrobialpathogensandsteriledamage.Innateimmunecellsrespondtothesethreatsbyactivationofnon-specificgermline-en-codedpatternrecognitionreceptors(PRRs).1SomePRRsdirectlybindevolutionaryconservedmoietiesfrompathogensthatarecommonlyreferredtoaspathogen-associatedmolecularpatterns(PAMPs)orrespondtodanger-associatedmolecularpatterns(DAMPs)thataregeneratedordislocateduponcellulardamage.OtherPRRsindirectlyguardagainstinfectionsbydetectingtheactivityofvirulencefac-torsusedbyasuiteofpathogenstomanipulatethehostcellmachin-eryinordertosurviveinahostileintracellularenvironment.Toll-likereceptors(TLRs)andc-typelectinreceptors(CLRs)areexamplesofmembrane-boundPRRsthatsurveytheextracellularenvironmentandtheendosomalcompartment.OtherPRRsareexpressedintra-cellularlyorfacethecytosoliccompartment,suchasthenucleo-tide-bindingdomain,leucine-richrepeat-containingproteins(NLRs),theretinoicacid-induciblegene-I(RIG-I)-likereceptors(RLRs),ab-sentinmelanoma2(AIM2)-likereceptors(ALRs)andmembersofthetripartitemotif(TRIM)receptors.1MostPRRsengagesignalingpathwaysthatresultinextensivetranscriptionalreprogrammingofthecell,includingupregulationofadditionalPRRsandproductionofpro-inflammatorycytokines,chemokinesandtypeIinterferonsthatorchestratetheearlyinflam-matoryandhostdefenseresponsesandhelptoshapedownstreamactivationofadaptiveimmunity.2Incontrast,asubsetofNLRs(NLRP3,NLRC4,andNLRP1),ALRs(AIM2),andPyrin(aTRIMfamilymember)regulateinnateimmuneresponsesatthepost-translationallevelbyassemblinginflammasomecomplexes.3,4AlthoughtheseReceived:19June2020|Revised:9July2020|Accepted:9July2020DOI:10.1111/imr.12908INVITEDREVIEWTherapeuticmodulationofinflammasomepathwaysDhruvChauhan1|LieselotteVandeWalle2|MohamedLamkanfi2ThisisanopenaccessarticleunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsuse,distributionandreproductioninanymedium,providedt...
