SnapShot:ReactiveOxygenIntermediates(ROI)CarlNathanandAihaoDingWeillCornellMedicalCollege,NewYork,NY10065,USASeeonlineversionforlegendandreferences.952Cell140,March19,2010©2010ElsevierInc.DOI10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.008Intermediates(ROI)CarlNathanandAihaoDingWeillCornellMedicalCollege,NewYork,NY10065,USASeeonlineversionforlegendandreferences.952Cell140,March19,2010©2010ElsevierInc.DOI10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.008952.e1Cell140,March19,2010©2010ElsevierInc.DOI10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.008SnapShot:ReactiveOxygenIntermediates(ROI)CarlNathanandAihaoDingWeillCornellMedicalCollege,NewYork,NY10065,USAReactiveoxygenintermediates(ROI)playdiverserolesininflammation,hostdefense,andhomeostasis.Forexample,ROIproducedbyneutrophilskillpathogensengulfedbytheseinnateimmunecellsduringtheearlystepsoftheinflammatoryresponsetoinfection.InthisSnapShot,wedefineROIandrelatedmolecules,summarizetheirreactions,characterizetheirspecificity,andlisttheirsources(red),targets(blue),andcatabolicroutes(green;alsocalled“anti-oxidantdefenses”).Terminology:ROI,ROS,andRNIReactiveoxygenintermediates(ROI)aresuccessive1-electronreductionproductsofO2enroutetotheproductionofwater(seeinset).ROIincludesuperoxideanionradical(O2−orO2•−),hydrogenperoxide(H2O2),andhydroxylradical(•OH).Reactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)includeROIplusozone(O3)andsingletoxygen(1O2)(whoseproductionbycellsislessclear).ThetermsROIandROSaresometimesusedinterchangeablyandmayincludehypochlorous(HOCl),hypobromous(HOBr),andhypoiodousacids(HOI),whicharisebyperoxidase-catalyzedoxidationofhalides.Thereactivenitrogenintermediates(RNI)thatmostcloselyinfluenceROIlevelsarenitricoxideradical(NOor•NO),nitrogendioxideradical(•NO2),nitrite(NO2−),andperoxynitrite(ONOO−).ReactionsReactionsofROIandRNIarecovalentbutoftenreversible.ReversiblereactionsofROIandRNIincludethoseofH2O2withsulfhydrylsasincysteine(RSH)toyielddisulfides(RSSR’),sulfenicacids(RSOH),or(sometimesreversible)sulfinicacids(RSO2H);ofNOwithsulfhydrylstoyieldS-nitrosothiols(RSNO);andofH2O2wit...
