OpportunitiesformicroRNAsintheCrowdedFieldofCardiovascularBiomarkersPerryV.Halushka1,2,AndrewJ.Goodwin3,andMarcK.Halushka41DepartmentofPharmacology,SouthCarolinaClinicalandTranslationalResearchInstitute,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,Charleston,SouthCarolina29425,USA2DepartmentofMedicine,SouthCarolinaClinicalandTranslationalResearchInstitute,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,Charleston,SouthCarolina29425,USA3DivisionofPulmonary,CriticalCare,Allergy,andSleepMedicine,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,Charleston,SouthCarolina29425,USA4DepartmentofPathology,JohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,Maryland21205,USAAbstractCardiovasculardiseasesexistacrossalldevelopedcountriessocieties.Biomarkersthatcanpredictordiagnosediseasesearlyintheirpathogenesescanreducetheirmorbidityandmortalityinafflictedindividuals.microRNAsaresmallregulatoryRNAsthatmodulatetranslationandhavebeenidentifiedaspotentialfluid-basedbiomarkersacrossnumerousmaladies.Wedescribethecurrentstateofcardiovasculardiseasebiomarkersacrossarangeofdiseases,includingmyocardialinfarction,acutecoronarysyndrome,myocarditis,hypertension,heartfailure,hearttransplantation,aorticstenosis,diabeticcardiomyopathy,atrialfibrillation,andsepsis.WepresentthecurrentunderstandingofmicroRNAsaspossiblebiomarkersinthesecategoriesandwheretheirbestopportunitiesexisttoenterclinicalpractice.KeywordsmicroRNAs;biomarkers;cardiovasculardisease;hypertension;sepsis;aorticstenosisINTRODUCTIONInthefieldofcardiovasculardisease,biomarkersareessentialtoolsinaclinician’sarmamentarium.Thebestofourbiomarkerscanaidindiagnosinganacutemyocardialinfarction(AMI),indicatelong-standingheartfailure,andpredicttherejectionofatransplantedheart.However,notallbiomarkersarerobust,andmanyfieldswithincardiovasculardiseasemanagementawaitusefulbiomarkerstoaidindiagnosisandassessingprognosis.AcrossallofthesescenariosthereistheopportunityforbetterDISCLOSURESTATEMENTTheauthorsarenotawareofanyaffiliations,memberships,funding,orfinancialholdingsthatmightbeperc...
