ReviewmiRNAsasTherapeuticTargetsinInflammatoryDiseaseQianjinLu,1,*RuifangWu,1MingZhao,1AntonioGarcia-Gomez,2andEstebanBallestar2,*Inthepastdecade,wehavewitnessedconsiderabledevelopmentsinunderstandingtherolesandfunctionsofmiRNAs.Inparallel,theidentificationofalterationsinmiRNAexpressioninin-flammatorydiseaseindicatestheirpotentialastherapeutictargets.PharmacologicaltreatmentstargetingabnormallyexpressedmiRNAsforinflammatorydiseasesarenotyetinclinicalprac-tice;however,somesmallcompoundsandnucleicacidstargetingmiRNAshaveshownpromiseinpreclinicaldevelopment.Here,wefocusonrecentadvancesinunderstandingmiRNAdereg-ulationininflammatorydiseasesandprovideanoverviewofthecurrentdevelopmentofmiRNA-basedtherapeuticsinthesediseaseswithanemphasisonnewlydiscoveredmiRNAtherapeutictargets.miRNAsasFineModulatorsofGeneExpressionmiRNAs,aclassofsmall,endogenousnoncodingRNAs,negativelyregulategeneexpressionatthepost-transcriptionallevelbybindingtocomplementarytargetmRNAsfordegradationortransla-tionalinhibition.IntensiveresearchhasimplicatedmiRNAsinawiderangeofbiologicalphenomena.miRNA-mediatedrepressionisessentialforthefinemodulationofgeneproducts[1].miRNAsparticipateinnearlyeverydevelopmentalandpathophysiologicalprocess,includingcelldifferentiationandproliferation,apoptosis,andinflammatoryandimmuneresponses[2].AlthoughthefunctionsandmolecularmechanismsofmanymiRNAshaveyettobedetermined,theiraber-rantexpressionplaysakeyroleinthepathogenesisofsomeinflammatorydiseases,includingrheumatoidarthritis(RA)[3],inflammatoryboweldisease(IBD;seeGlossary)[4],atopicdermatitis(AD)[5],psoriasis[6],andmanyothers.Giventheiruniqueexpressionprofiles,criticalregulatoryfunctions,targetspecificity,andhighstabilityinbiologicalsamples,miRNAshaveattractedattentionfortheirpotentialasnoveltherapeutictargetsinthesediseases.Inthisreview,byselect-ingseveralexamplesofinflammatorydiseases,weprovideabroadperspectiveonthecommonrolesofcertainmiRNAsinthesediseases,theirtargets,andtheimportanceoftakingthisbroadperspectiveto...
