SeminarsinCancerBiology44(2017)10–24ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirectSeminarsinCancerBiologyjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/semcancerReviewCancerstemcells:TherootoftumorrecurrenceandmetastasesClaudiaPeitzscha,b,d,f,AnnaTyutyunnykovaa,KlausPantelc,∗∗,AnnaDubrovskaa,d,e,f,∗aOncoRay–NationalCenterforRadiationResearchinOncology,FacultyofMedicineandUniversityHospitalCarlGustavCarus,TechnischeUniversitätDresden,GermanybNationalCenterforTumorDiseases(NCT),PartnerSiteDresden,GermanycDepartmentofTumourBiology,UniversityMedicalCentreHamburg-Eppendorf,GermanydGermanCancerConsortiumDKTK,Dresden,GermanyeHelmholtz-ZentrumDresden-Rossendorf,InstituteofRadiooncology-OncoRay,GermanyfDeutschesKrebsforschungszentrum(DKFZ),Heidelberg,GermanyarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received21December2016Receivedinrevisedform26February2017Accepted27February2017Availableonline28February2017Keywords:CancerstemcellsCirculatingtumorcellsEpithelial-mesenchymaltransitionDisseminatedtumorcellsMetastaticnicheMetastasis-initiatingcellsabstractMetastatictumorsarethecauseofmorethan90%ofcancerrelateddeaths.MetastasisformationcanbeconsideredasaculminationoftheDarwinianevolutionaryprocesswithinthetumor,whencompetitionofmultipleclonesresultsinthedevelopmentofcellinherenttraitsthatfavortumordissemination.Cancerstemcells(CSC)whichpossessself-renewalpropertiesandgenomicinstabilityareconsideredtobeanengineoftumorevolution.CancercellswhichhavethecapacitytocolonizedistantorganshavethefeaturesofCSCand,inaddition,exerttheirtumor-initiatingcapacityunderadversemicroenvironmentalconditions.RecentstudiessupportanideathatmetastasescanbedrivenbytheevolvedandselectedsubpopulationsofCSC.InthisreviewwediscussthecommonhallmarksofCSCandmetastasisinitiatingcells(MIC)andprospectsforthedevelopmentofanti-metastatictherapy.©2017ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.Contents1.Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1...
