GrowthFactorsandNeuroglobininAstrocyteProtectionAgainstNeurodegenerationandOxidativeStressRicardoCabezas1,2&ElianaBaez-Jurado1&OscarHidalgo-Lanussa1&ValentinaEcheverria3,4&GhulamMdAshrad5&AmirhosseinSahebkar6,7,8&GeorgeE.Barreto1,9Received:10April2018/Accepted:26June2018#SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,partofSpringerNature2018AbstractNeurodegenerativediseases,suchasParkinsonandAlzheimer,areamongthemainpublichealthissuesintheworldduetotheireffectsonlifequalityandhighmortalityrates.Althoughneuronaldeathisthemaincauseofdisruptioninthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)elicitedbythesepathologies,othercellssuchasastrocytesarealsoaffected.Thereisnotreatmentforpreventingthecellulardeathduringneurodegenerativeprocesses,andcurrentdrugtherapyisfocusedondecreasingtheassociatedmotorsymptoms.Forthesereasons,ithasbeennecessarytoseeknewtherapeuticalprocedures,includingtheuseofgrowthfactorstoreduceα-synucleintoxicityandmisfoldinginordertorecoverneuronalcellsandastrocytes.Additionally,ithasbeenshownthatsomegrowthfactorsareabletoreducetheoverproductionofreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS),whichareassociatedwithneuronaldeaththroughactivationofantioxidativeenzymessuchascatalase,superoxidedismutase,glutathioneperoxidase,andneuroglobin.Inthepresentreview,wediscusstheuseofgrowthfactorssuchasPDGF-BB,VEGF,BDNF,andtheantioxidativeenzymeneuroglobinintheprotectionofastrocytesandneuronsduringthedevelopmentofneurodegenerativediseases.KeywordsPDGF-BB.Neuroglobin.Astrocyte.Oxidativestress.NeurodegenerationIntroductionNeurodegenerativediseasesareamongthemainpublichealthproblemsintheworld.Ithasbeenestimatedthatbytheyear2020,therewillbearound40millionpeopleaffectedintheworldbypathologiessuchasAlzheimer’sdisease(AD),Parkinson’sdisease(PD),epilepsy,multiplesclerosis,andce-rebrovascularaccidents.Likewise,itisexpectedthatby2030,mortalityfromneurodegenerativediseaseswillreach12.22%ofglobalpopulation[1].PDmanifestswithaheterogeneityofsymptomssuchasrestingtremor,bradykinesia,musclehypertonia,posturalinsta-bility,andco...
