GutmycobiotainimmunityandinflammatorydiseaseXinV.Li1,2,IrinaLeonardi1,2,andIliyanD.Iliev1,2,3,4,*1GastroenterologyandHepatologyDivision,JoanandSanfordI.WeillDepartmentofMedicine,WeillCornellMedicine,CornellUniversity,NewYork,NY10021,USA2TheJillRobertsInstituteforResearchinInflammatoryBowelDisease,WeillCornellMedicine,CornellUniversity,NewYork,NY10021,USA3DepartmentofMicrobiologyandImmunology,WeillCornellMedicine,CornellUniversity,NewYork,NY10065,USA4ImmunologyandMicrobialPathogenesisProgram,WeillCornellGraduateSchoolofMedicalSciences,WeillCornellMedicine,CornellUniversity,NewYork,NY10065,USAAbstractThemammalianintestineiscolonizedwithawealthofmicroorganismsthatincludebacteria,viruses,protozoaandfungi,allintegratedintoafunctionaltrans-kingdomcommunity.Characterizationofthecompositionofthefungalcommunity–themycobiota-hasadvancedfurtherthanthemuch-neededmechanisticstudies.Recentfindingshaverevealedrolesforthegutmycobiotaintheregulationofhostimmunityandinthedevelopmentandprogressionofhumandiseasesofinflammatoryorigin.Wereviewthesefindingshere,placingtheminthecontextofthecurrentunderstandingofthepathwaysandcellularnetworksthatinduceoflocalandsystemicimmuneresponsestofungiinthegastrointestinaltract.Wediscussgapsinknowledgeandarguefortheimportanceofconsideringbacteria-fungalinteractionsasweaimtodefinetherolesofmycobiotainimmunehomeostasisandimmune-associatedpathologies.IntroductionThehumangastrointestinaltractrepresentsanidealhabitatforthegrowthandproliferationofdiversemicrobialcommunities.Complex,cross-kingdominteractionsunderlietheecologyofthesecommunities,whichinvolveprokaryotessuchasbacteriaandarchaea,eukaryoticvirusesandphages,andeukaryotessuchasprotozoaandfungi.Large-scaleeffortshavemadeinroadsinthecharacterizationofthebacterialcommunitiesinthemicrobiota.Despitetheenormousimpactoffungionhealthcare,theenvironmentandvegetation(Fisheretal.,2018),understandingoftheimpactofthefungalcommunities-themycobiota-inmammalianhealthanddiseasehaslaggedbehind.Historically,immuni...
