FEMSMicrobiologyReviews,fuw047doi:10.1093/femsre/fuw047ReviewArticleREVIEWARTICLEForgottenfungi—thegutmycobiomeinhumanhealthanddiseaseChloeE.Huseyin1,2,3,PaulW.O’Toole2,3,PaulD.Cotter1,2andPaulineD.Scanlan2,∗1TeagascFoodResearchCentre,Moorepark,Fermoy,CorkP61C996,Ireland,2APCMicrobiomeInstitute,BiosciencesInstitute,UniversityCollegeCork,CorkT12YT20Irelandand3SchoolofMicrobiology,UniversityCollegeCork,CorkT12YT20,Ireland∗Correspondingauthor:APCMicrobiomeInstitute,BiosciencesInstitute,UniversityCollegeCork,Office5.10,FifthFloor,BiosciencesBuilding,Ireland.Tel:+353(21)4901335;E-mail:p.scanlan@ucc.ieOnesentencesummary:Reviewofmycobiomeinhumanhealthanddisease.Editor:GerhardBrausABSTRACTThehumanbodyishometoacomplexanddiversemicrobialecosystemthatplaysacentralroleinhosthealth.Thisincludesadiversityoffungalspeciesthatiscollectivelyreferredtoasour‘mycobiome’.Althoughresearchintothemycobiomeisstillinitsinfancy,itspotentialroleinhumandiseaseisincreasinglyrecognised.Herewereviewtheexistingliteratureavailableonthehumanmycobiotawithanemphasisonthegutmycobiome,includinghowfungiinteractwiththehumanhostandothermicrobes.Indoingso,weprovideacomprehensivecritiqueofthemethodologiesavailabletoresearchthehumanmycobiotaaswellashighlightingthelatestresearchfindingsfrommycologicalsurveysofdifferentgroupsofinterestincludinginfants,obeseandinflammatoryboweldiseasecohorts.Thisinturnprovidesnewinsightsanddirectionsforfuturestudiesinthisburgeoningresearcharea.Keywords:gutmicrobiome;mycobiome;fungi;intestinaldiseaseINTRODUCTIONComplexmicrobialecosystemssuchasthehumangastroin-testinal(GI)tractharbouradiversityofmicroorganismsincludingbacteria,archaea,virusesandmicrobialeukarya(Rajili´c-Stojanovi´c,SmidtanddeVos2007;Qinetal.2010;Parfrey,WaltersandKnight2011;Clementeetal.2012;Parfreyetal.2014;Hamad,RaoultandBittar2016).However,themyriadofspeciesthatarepotentiallypresentarefoundatvaryingabundancelev-elsand,thus,thepresenceofpredominantspecies’mayre-sultinmicroorganismsthatarelesscommonbein...
