+WORKINGPAPERCARNEGIEENDOWMENTFORINTERNATIONALPEACETheGlobalExpansionofAISurveillanceStevenFeldsteinSEPTEMBER2019TheGlobalExpansionofAISurveillanceStevenFeldstein©2019CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace.Allrightsreserved.Carnegiedoesnottakeinstitutionalpositionsonpublicpolicyissues;theviewsrepresentedhereinaretheauthor’sownanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsofCarnegie,itsstaff,oritstrustees.NopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanswithoutpermissioninwritingfromtheCarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeace.Pleasedirectinquiriesto:CarnegieEndowmentforInternationalPeacePublicationsDepartment1779MassachusettsAvenueNWWashington,DC20036P:+12024837600F:+12024831840CarnegieEndowment.orgThispublicationcanbedownloadedatnocostatCarnegieEndowment.org.CONTENTSExecutiveSummary1IntroducingtheAIGlobalSurveillance(AIGS)Index5FindingsandThreeKeyInsights7DistinguishingBetweenLegitimateandUnlawfulSurveillance11HowMuchIsChinaDrivingtheSpreadofAISurveillance?13TypesofAISurveillance16AISurveillanceEnablingTechnologies21Conclusion24Appendix1:AIGSIndex25Appendix2:TaxonomyofDigitalRepression29AbouttheAuthor30Acknowledgments30Notes31+CARNEGIEENDOWMENTFORINTERNATIONALPEACE|1ExecutiveSummaryArtificialintelligence(AI)technologyisrapidlyproliferatingaroundtheworld.Startlingdevelopmentskeepemerging,fromtheonsetofdeepfakevideosthatblurthelinebetweentruthandfalsehood,toadvancedalgorithmsthatcanbeatthebestplayersintheworldinmultiplayerpoker.BusinessesharnessAIcapabilitiestoimproveanalyticprocessing;cityofficialstapAItomonitortrafficcongestionandoverseesmartenergymetering.YetagrowingnumberofstatesaredeployingadvancedAIsurveillancetoolstomonitor,track,andsurveilcitizenstoaccomplisharangeofpolicyobjectives—somelawful,othersthatviolatehumanrights,andmanyofwhichfallintoamurkymiddleground.Inordertoappropriatelyaddresstheeffectsofthistechnology,itisimportanttofirstunderstandwherethesetoolsarebeingdeployedandhowtheyarebeingused.Unfortunately,suchinformationisscarce.Toprovid...
