DiabetesMellitusDiabetesMellitusDr.RashaSalamaPhDPublicHealth,SuezCanalUniversity,EgyptDiabetesMSc,CardiffUniversity,UnitedKingdom第一页，共四十六页。Diabetesmellitus(DM)isagroupofdiseasescharacterizedbyhighlevelsofbloodglucoseresultingfromdefectsininsulinproduction,insulinaction,orboth.Thetermdiabetesmellitusdescribesametabolicdisorderofmultipleaetiologycharacterizedbychronichyperglycaemiawithdisturbancesofcarbohydrate,fatandproteinmetabolismresultingfromdefectsininsulinsecretion,insulinaction,orboth.Theeffectsofdiabetesmellitusincludelong–termdamage,dysfunctionandfailureofvariousorgans.第二页，共四十六页。Diabetesmellitusmaypresentwithcharacteristicsymptomssuchasthirst,polyuria,blurringofvision,andweightloss.Initsmostsevereforms,ketoacidosisoranon–ketotichyperosmolarstatemaydevelopandleadtostupor,comaand,inabsenceofeffectivetreatment,death.Oftensymptomsarenotsevere,ormaybeabsent,andconsequentlyhyperglycaemiasufficienttocausepathologicalandfunctionalchangesmaybepresentforalongtimebeforethediagnosisismade.第三页，共四十六页。Thelong–termeffectsofdiabetesmellitusincludeprogressivedevelopmentofthespecificcomplicationsofretinopathywithpotentialblindness,nephropathythatmayleadtorenalfailure,and/orneuropathywithriskoffootulcers,amputation,Charcotjoints,andfeaturesofautonomicdysfunction,includingsexualdysfunction.Peoplewithdiabetesareatincreasedriskofcardiovascular,peripheralvascularandcerebrovasculardisease.第四页，共四十六页。Thedevelopmentofdiabetesisprojectedtoreachpandemicproportionsoverthenext10-20years.InternationalDiabetesFederation(IDF)dataindicatethatbytheyear2025,thenumberofpeopleaffectedwillreach333million–90%ofthesepeoplewillhaveType2diabetes.InmostWesternsocieties,theoverallprevalencehasreached4-6%,andisashighas10-12%among60-70-year-oldpeople.Theannualhealthcostscausedbydiabetesanditscomplicationsaccountforaround6-12%ofallhealth-careexpenditure.第五页，共四十六页。Type1DiabetesMellitusType2DiabetesMellitusGestationalDiabe...
