Syntheticantimicrobialagents(人工合成抗菌药)HuifangTangtanghuifang@zju.edu第一页，共五十四页。ClassificationofSyntheticantimicrobialagents•Ⅰ.Quinolones(喹诺酮类);•Ⅱ.Sulfonamides(磺胺类);•Ⅲ.Othersyntheticantimicrobialagents:•Trimethoprim(甲氧苄啶)•Nitrofurans(硝基呋喃类),etc.第二页，共五十四页。Generalfeatures•Broadantimicrobialactivityandareeffectiveafteroraladministrationforthetreatmentofawidevarietyofinfectiousdisease.•Relativelyfewsideeffects.•Microbialresistancetotheiractiondoesnotdeveloprapidly.QuinolonesQuinolones第三页，共五十四页。Chemistry•Derivedfrombasicstructureofnalidixicacid(萘啶酸)andhavesubstituentsatN-1,C-5,C-7,position8andafluorineatomatposition6.•Fluorineatposition6enhancesgyraseinhibitionandcellpenetration.QuinolonesQuinolones第四页，共五十四页。ChemicalstructureQuinolones(诺氟沙星)(环丙沙星)(萘啶酸)Quinolones第五页，共五十四页。GenerationExamples1st(1962-1969)Nalidixicacid,萘啶酸2nd(1969-1979)Pipemidicacid吡哌酸Cinoxacin西诺沙星3rd(1980-1996)Norfloxacin诺氟沙星Levofloxacin左氧氟沙星Ciprofloxacin环丙沙星Ofloxacin氧氟沙星sparfloxacin司帕沙星4th(1997-)Grepafloxacin格帕沙星Clinafloxacin克林沙星Gatifloxacin加替沙星Moxifloxacin莫西沙星ClassificationQuinolones第六页，共五十四页。Summaryofantimicrobialspectrumofquinolones.第七页，共五十四页。ClicktoaddTitleFirst-generationagents(1962-1969)Nalidixicacid,萘啶酸•Thefirstgenerationdrugofthequinoloneantibiotics•Moderategram-negativeactivityandminimalsystemicdistributionClinicalapplications•UncomplicatedurinarytractinfectionsQuinolonesQuinolones第九页，共五十四页。Second-generationquinolones(1969-1979)Pipemidicacid吡哌酸Cinoxacin西诺沙星•Expandedgram-negativeactivityandatypicalpathogencoverage,butlimitedgram-positiveactivity.•Mostactiveagainstaerobicgram-negativebacilli•CiprofloxacinremainsthequinolonemostactiveagainstPseudomonasaeruginosaQuinolonesQuinolones第十页，共五十四页。Second-generationquinolones(1969-1979)•Activeagainstgram-positiveandgram-negativebacteria,mycobacteria,mycopla...
