�EnglishLearnerHandbookROBINC.SCARCELLAUNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,IRVINECopyright©byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Permissionisgrantedtoreproducethematerialcontainedhereinontheconditionthatsuchmaterialbereproducedonlyforclassroomuse;beprovidedtostudents,teachers,andfamilieswithoutcharge;andbeusedsolelyinconjunctionwithDiscoveringOurPast:AncientCivilizations.Anyotherreproduction,foruseorsale,isprohibitedwithoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.Sendallinquiriesto:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787OrionPlaceColumbus,OH43240-4027ISBN0-07-870320-4PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica123456789101130908070605RobinC.ScarcellahastaughtEnglishasasecondlanguage(ESL)asanelementary,juniorhigh,andhighschoolteacherinCalifornia;asabilingualeducationteacherinaCaliforniahighschool;andasaninstructorofEnglishasaforeignlanguageinMexico.Asaprofessor,ScarcellahastaughtsuchcoursesasEnglishasaSecondLanguage,Sec-ondLanguageAcquisition,HistoryoftheEnglishLanguage,ContrastiveAnalysis,StructureofEnglish,andMethodsofTeachingEnglishtoEnglishLearners.ShehastaughtEnglishlearners(ELs)attheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara,Uni-versidadAutónomadeGudalajara,StanfordUniversity,UniversityofMichigan,andmostrecentlyattheUniversityofCaliforniaatIrvine,whereshehasdirectedtheESLProgramthepastseventeenyears.ABOUTTHEAUTHORiiiINTRODUCTION......................................................vUsingtheEnglishLearnerHandbookBackgroundStagesofLanguageAcquisitionTheEffectiveClassroomFocusingonEssentialConceptsandLanguageFluencyandAccuracyEnglishLearnerActivitiesChapter1TheFirstCivilizations......................................1Chapter2AncientEgyptandKush...................................9Chapter3TheAncientIsraelites.....................................21Chapter4EarlyIndia..............................................31Chapter5EarlyChina..............................................41Chapter6TheAncientAmericas.....................................51Chapter7TheAncientGreeks............
