_STP_675-1979.pdf

FATIGUE MECHANISMS A symposium sponsored by ASTM Committee E-9 on Fatigue National Bureau of Standards National Science Foundation Kansas City,Mo.,22-24 May 1978 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 675 Jeffrey T.Fong,National Bureau of Standards,editor List price$65.00 04-675000-30 m AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street,Philadelplila,Pa.19103 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Copyright by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1979 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:78-74562 NOTE The Society is not responsible,as a body,for the statements and opinions advanced in this pubhcation.Printed in Baltimore.Md.October 1979 Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.SHUJI TAIRA 1920-1978 Dedication It was with great sorrow and disbelief that we all learned of the sudden and untimely death of Shuji Taira in October 1978.Professor Taira had long been active in fatigue research,had contributed to this symposium as a member of its international advisory board and the co-author of an invited paper,and had journeyed to Kansas City with Mrs.Taira in May 1978 to interact,for the last time,with an international group of fatigue researchers.It is with sincere appreciation for his life-long contribution in fatigue and his personal interest in ASTM Committee E-9 on Fatigue that we dedicate this symposium volume to his memory.Professor Taira was born on 22 October 1920 in Nishinomiya,Hyogo Prefecture,Japan.He received a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Kyoto University in 1943 and the Doctorate of Engineering from the same University in 1952.From 1954 to 1956,he spent two years at the University of Illinois-Urbana,an associa-tion that furthered continuing interactions between scientists and engineers in the United States and in Japan.Professor Taira was well known for his excellence as a researcher and research leader in the field of high temperature studies and X-ray diffraction studies of the Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.mechanical behavior of materials.He wrote and edited fifteen books as well as numerous technical articles,and was a founder of the Japan Society of Materials Science as well as the International Conferences on the Mechanical Behavior of Materials.Among his many distinctions was the presentation by the Emperor of Japan of the Academy Award of the Japanese Academy of Sciences in 1971.The international materials research community has lost one of its most respected and ca-pable members,and this dedication is but an indica-tion of our high regard for this fine gentleman.Copyright by ASTM Intl(all rights reserved);Mon Dec 21 11:50:53 EST 2015Downloaded/printed byUniversity of Washington(University of Washington)pursuant to License Agreement.No further reproductions authorized.Foreword Engineering and medicine are two professions that share several traits,one of which may be described as the responsibility to ensure the health of an object,animate or inanimate.To the extent that this analogy holds true,engineers who design for fatigue may be compared with some obstetricians who dare to predict how long babies might live.Clearly anyone who reads census data can predict that a newly born infant in the United States has a 90 percent chance of living to at least 50 years old,but it takes a medical scientist with the support of some sophisticated test data to even consider a request for stretching that prediction to a life span of 70 years.This is understandable,because the first prediction requires no understanding,while the second does.Similarly,a design engineer who is called upon to produce a product for a reasonably long life would know not only the codes and standards for fatigue testing but also the underlying mechanisms of fatigue.It is to the latter that this book is dedicated.For three days during May 1978,more than 200 leading scientists and research engineers from 12 countries(see Appendix for a list of attendees)gathered at Kansas City,Missouri,to listen to the presentation and dis-cussion of 28 papers on fatigue mechanisms.This book,which resulted from the three-day symposium sponsored jointly by the ASTM Committee E-9 on Fatigue,the National Bureau of Standards(NBS),and the National Science Foundation(NSF),contains the text of all those papers as well as the written and oral discussions transacted at this conference.Hence the total number of contributors to this book exceeds 100.The book is divided into eight chapters.As expected,the emphasis of the conference w