ASTM_C_1400_-_11_2017.pdf

Designation:C140011(Reapproved 2017)Standard Guide forReduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescencepotential in new masonry walls.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard.The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products(Withdrawn2009)3C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit MasonryC1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits(Withdrawn 2009)3C1232 Terminology of Masonry3.Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43,C1180,C1209,and C1232 shall apply in this guide.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cryptoflorescence,na crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of masonry3.2.2 efflorescence,na crystalline deposit,usually white,of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe color of stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usuallyyellow or green.The color of stains produced by acid-solublemanganese compounds is usually brown or gray.4.Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides information that,if implemented,will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.However,its implementation will not always completely pre-vent efflorescence.4.2 This guide may be augmented by related informationcontained in the appendixes of Specification C270,the addi-tional material listed at the end of this specification,and otherpublications.5.Principles of Efflorescence5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity ofwater-soluble compounds within,or exposed to,the wall;andto the quantity of water exposed to these compounds.Sinceneither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completelyeliminated from an exterior masonry wall,the potential forefflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compoundsand water within the wall.5.2 While water penetration is reduced through properdesign and construction,water can penetrate into masonrywalls through cracks and separations in the surface and the topof the wall.It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or theinterface between the unit and mortar,and,to a lesser degreethrough the masonry units and the hardened mortar.5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall,thewater will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist inthe masonry units,mortar components,grout,admixtures orother secondary sources,and may deposit them on the exteriorsurface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on ManufacturedMasonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on MasonryAssemblies.Current edition approved June 1,2017.Published July 2017.Originally approvedin 1998.Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1400 11.DOI:10.1520/C1400-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.1 through evaporation.Deposits may also form within themasonry resulting in cryptoflorescence.5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain tw