ASTM_C_1131_-_10_2015.pdf

Designation:C113110(Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forLeast Cost(Life Cycle)Analysis of Concrete Culvert,StormSewer,and Sanitary Sewer Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1131;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for least cost(life cycle)analysis(LCA)of materials,systems,or structures proposedfor use in the construction of concrete culvert,storm sewer,andsanitary sewer systems.NOTE1As intended in this practice,examples of analyses include,butare not limited to the following:(1)materials-pipe linings and coatings,concrete wall thicknesses,cements,additives,etc.;(2)systems-circularpipe,box sections,multiple lines,force mains,etc.;and(3)structures-wetand dry wells,pump and lift stations,etc.1.2 The LCA method includes costs associated withplanning,engineering,construction(bid price),maintenance,rehabilitation,replacement,and cost deductions for any re-sidual value at the end of the proposed project design life.1.3 For each material,system,or structure,the LCAmethoddetermines in present value constant dollars,the total of allinitial and future costs over the project design life,and deductsany residual value.1.4 Major factors in the LCA method include project designlife,service life,and relevant interest and inflation rates.2.Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 constant dollarsdollars of uniform purchasingpower exclusive of inflation or deflation.2.1.1.1 DiscussionConstant dollars are costs stated atprice levels for a specific reference year,usually the particulartime that the LCA is being conducted.2.1.2 current dollarsdollars of purchasing power in whichactual prices are stated,including inflation or deflation.2.1.2.1 DiscussionCurrent dollars are costs stated at pricelevels in effect whenever the costs are incurred.In the absenceof inflation or deflation,current dollars are equal to constantdollars.2.1.3 direct coststhe costs of excavation,removal,anddisposal of existing materials,systems,or structures;installa-tion and testing of replacements materials,systems,or struc-tures;backfill;surface restoration,traffic rerouting,safety,utility relocations;and additional future costs required by newland uses,population growth.2.1.4 discount rateaccounts for the time value of moneyand reflects the impartiality of paying or receiving a dollar nowor at a future time.2.1.4.1 DiscussionThe discount rate is used to convertcosts occurring at different times to equivalent costs at acommon time.Discount rates may be expressed in nominal orreal terms.2.1.5 future costscosts incurred after a project has beenconstructed and operating,such as maintenance,rehabilitation,and replacement costs.2.1.6 indirect coststhe costs to the owner that users pay interms of delayed time.2.1.7 inflation ratean increase in the volume of moneyand credit relative to available goods and services resulting ina continuing rise in the general price level.2.1.7.1 DiscussionIn this practice,inflation refers toyearly change in the Producer Price Index(1).22.1.8 interest ratethe cost of borrowed money.2.1.9 maintenance coststhe annual or periodic direct andindirect costs of keeping a material,system,or structurefunctioning for the project design life;such maintenance doesnot extend the service life of the material,system,or structure.2.1.10 nominal discount ratea discount rate that takes intoaccount both the effects of inflation and the real earningpotential of money invested over time.2.1.10.1 DiscussionWhen future costs and values areexpressed in current dollars,after having been adjusted forinflation,a nominal discount rate is used to convert the futurecosts and values to present value constant dollars.Users of thispractice should consult with their accountant or client todetermine the appropriate discount rate for a given project.2.1.11 original costscosts incurred in planning,designing,and constructing a project.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on ConcretePipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Oct.15,2015.Published October 2015.Originallyapproved in 1995.Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1131 101.DOI:10.1520/C113110R15.2The boldface numbers refer to the list of references at the end of the standard.Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 2.1.12 project design lifethe number of years of useful lifethe material,system,or structure must provide.2.1.13 real discount ratea discount rate that takes intoaccount only the real earning potential of money over time andis the differential between the interest and inflation rates.2.1.13.1 DiscussionWhen future costs and val