ASTM_D_1517_-_10.pdf

Designation:D151710Standard Terminology Relating toLeather1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1517;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon()indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThese definitions are divided into two groups:the first group covers general terms,and the secondgroup covers definitions applicable to sampling.The definitions of general terms include some of those encountered by personnel concerned withspecifications and procurement of hides,leather and leather products by the Federal Government.The definitions applicable to sampling are mainly to be used in connection with the sampling for,and testing of,physical and chemical properties.Terms adequately defined by unabridged dictionaries are not generally included.GENERAL TERMSalligatora general term used for leather made from the skinsof all aquatic species with a grain similar to the americanalligator which cannot be killed legally and,therefore,is notused by the United States industry.alligator-grained leatherleather of various types,such ascalf,sheep or cattlehide embossed to resemble the grain ofalligator hide.alum leatherleather produced by alum tannage,usually incombination with other substances.Before the invention ofchrome-tanning this was the principal method of tanningwith mineral agents.aniline dyed leatherleather which has been colored bytransparent dyes as distinguished from leather treated bypigments or other opaque material.aniline finisha clear finish with little or no pigmentation.antelope finish suedeapplied to lambskin,goatskin,orcalfskin,sueded and finished to resemble antelope.antelope leathera fine,soft leather made from an antelopeskin,velvety in texture and sheen,sueded on the flesh side.This leather is so rare,that for practical purposes,it isvirtually nonexistent.apron leathersany one of several varieties of leather used inconnection with textile machinery and blacksmith aprons.Comber and Gill Box apron leather is soft,mellow,toughleather,tanned from steerhides,heavily stuffed and boardedor otherwise softened.Rub Roll apron leather is a flexiblebut firm,dry,strong leather.aspergillus nigerone of the most common mold growthsfound on vegetable tanning vats and on leather,usuallygreenish or blackish in color.automobile leathersee upholstery leather.backa crop with the head trimmed off behind the horn holes.(OZUP in Fig.1.)bactericidea chemical that kills bacteria.bag leathera general term for leathers used in traveling bagsand suitcases.It does not include the light leathers employedfor womens fancy handbags.The staple material for bagand case leather at present is leather made from the hides ofanimals of the bovine species,but heavy sealskins andgoatskins are also used.bark tannageleather tanned by use of vegetable tanninsfound in barks,wood,and other plant derivatives,asdistinguished from mineral tannages.barkometera hydrometer used for determining the specificgravity of tanning solutions.A specific gravity of 1.000 is1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D31 on Leatherand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D31.91 on Terminology.Current edition approved Oct.1,2010.Published October 2010.Originallyapproved in 1957.Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D1517 06.DOI:10.1520/D1517-10.2These definitions have been developed in cooperation with the AmericanLeather Chemists Assn.(Definitions of Terms X1-1961).Copyright ASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States1 equivalent of 0 deg barkometer(Bk),and each additionaldegree Bk is equivalent to an increase of 0.001 in specificgravity.baseball leatherleather used for covers of baseballs.Thebetter grades of balls have covers of alum-tanned horsehidefront leather.Some cheaper grades are made of kip andsheepskins.basiluncolored vegetable-tanned sheepskin and lambskin.bateto treat unhaired hides or skins with a warm aqueoussolution of an enzyme in order to remove certain undesirablenitrogenous constituents.beama convex wooden slab sloping downward from aboutwaist height over which a hide is placed for trimming offexcess flesh and ragged edges and scudding by hand.belting butta double back with the tail cut off at the buttline.(RUTS in Fig.1.)belting butt benda double bend with the tail cut off at thebutt line.(RRSS in Fig.1.)bellythat part of the hide below the belly line.(VWPP inFig.1.)For steerhide leather,the belly line(RU)passesthrough a point at or above the top of the rear break.Forcowhide leather,the belly line passes through a point at orabove the top of the front break and a point not more than212in.(64 mm)below the top of the rear break.benda back with the shoulder cut off at right angles to thebackbone line at the break of the fore flank.(OYR