Designation:D5494−93(Reapproved2018)StandardTestMethodfortheDeterminationofPyramidPunctureResistanceofUnprotectedandProtectedGeomembranes1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD5494;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.1.Scope1.1Thetestmethodistobeusedasanindextesttodeterminethepyramidpunctureresistanceofgeomembranesand,orboth,geomembranesprotectedbynonwovengeotex-tilesandotherpuncture-protectivegeosynthetics.1.2Thetestmethodmeasurestheincreaseofthepyramidpunctureresistanceduetotheuseofprotectivenonwovengeotextileswithgeomembranes.1.3ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandardvalue.Thevaluesstatedinparenthesesareprovidedforinformationonly.1.4Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafety,health,andenvironmentalpracticesanddeter-minetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.1.5Thisinternationalstandardwasdevelopedinaccor-dancewithinternationallyrecognizedprinciplesonstandard-izationestablishedintheDecisiononPrinciplesfortheDevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecom-mendationsissuedbytheWorldTradeOrganizationTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)Committee.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:2D76/D76MSpecificationforTensileTestingMachinesforTextilesD4354PracticeforSamplingofGeosyntheticsandRolledErosionControlProducts(RECPs)forTestingD4439TerminologyforGeosyntheticsD4491/D4491MTestMethodsforWaterPermeabilityofGeotextilesbyPermittivity3.Terminology3.1Definitions:3.1.1atmospherefortestinggeosynthetics,n—airmain-tainedatarelativehumiditybetween50to70%andatemperatureof2162°C(7064°F).3.1.2geomembrane,n—anessentiallyimpermeablegeosyn-theticcomposedofoneormoresyntheticsheets.3.1.2.1Discussion—Ingeotechnicalengineering...
