MHE_Rdg_Wonders_LvRdr_G6_ELL_U6W3_28.pdf

PAIREDREADWhats Bean Happening?ADVENTURE UNDER THE ICEBY MAX OLSENExpository TextProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60CV_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 3CV_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 37/03/12 1:14 PM7/03/12 1:14 PMSTRATEGIES&SKILLSComprehensionStrategy:SummarizeSkill:Main Idea and Key DetailsVocabulary StrategyContext Clues:ComparisonsVocabularyalternative,corresponded,extract,foliage,hypothesis,protein,resilient,saturatedELL Vocabularyenvironment,extreme,sitesContent StandardsScienceScience as InquiryPhotography Credit:Norbet Wu/Minden Pictures II/Getty Images*The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only.Numerals and words in captions,labels,diagrams,charts,and sidebars are not included.Word Count:1,780*ACopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 10121ISBN:978-0-02-118744-7MHID:0-02-118744-4Printed in the United States.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 27/03/12 1:15 PM7/03/12 1:15 PMPAIREDREADIntroduction .2Chapter 1The Bottom of the Sea .4Chapter 2A New Solution.8Chapter 3Building a Robot.12Conclusion.16Respond to Reading.18Whats Bean Happening?.19Glossary.22Index.23 Focus on Science .24Essential QuestionHow can a scientific investigation be an adventure?ADVENTURE UNDER THE ICEBY MAX OLSENProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 17/03/12 1:17 PM7/03/12 1:17 PMDr.Stacy Kim is a scientist,but you will not find her in a laboratory.Dr.Kim works in the Antarctic,the freezing bottom of the world.Dr.Kim studies seabed life.She dives below the ice to study plants and animals on the seabed.Dr.Kim has worked in freezing temperatures.She has been battered by storm-force winds.In the Antarctic,it is dark for four months each year.Dr.Kim has discovered amazing new species under the ocean.The Antarctic is an exciting place.Dr.Kims scientific investigations often turn into adventures.INTRODUCTIONDr.Kim must wear several layers of warm clothing to protect her from the cold of the Antarctic.Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:602Bob Zook001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 2001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 27/03/12 1:17 PM7/03/12 1:17 PMThe Antarctic environment is a hard place to work.Many plants and animals live in freezing seawater under the ice.Dr.Kim faced challenges when she wanted to study the Antarctic seabed.She gathered a team of scientists to help her surmount these challenges.Her team worked together to solve these problems.What did they do?They built a robot for the Antarctic!Dr.Kim and her research team have gone on many scientific assignments together in the Antarctic.research teamProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:603Dr.Stacy Kim001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 3001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 37/03/12 1:17 PM7/03/12 1:17 PMThere is still a great deal to learn about life on the oceans seabeds.In the Antarctic,there is freezing water and thick layers of ice.This makes it hard to reach the bottom of the ocean.Dr.Kim and other scientists sometimes discover new plants and animals on the seabed.In 2010,scientists discovered a carnivorous sponge on the Antarctic seabed.Dr.Kim is interested in seabed ecology.Seabed ecologists study how living and nonliving things on the seabed depend on one another.Seabed ecologists also study what underwater animals eat.CHAPTER 1 THE BOTTOM OF THE SEAMany different plants and animals live on the Antarctic seabed.In Other Words a lot.En espaol,a great deal quiere decir mucho.seabedProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:604Norbert Wu/Minden Pictures II/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 4001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 47/03/12 1:17 PM7/03/12 1:17 PMDr.Kim works at McMurdo Station.This is the main United States scientific center in the Antarctic.The sea in this area was very polluted.The center dumped its trash onto the sea ice.The center also pumped raw sewage into the sea.In 1981,this pollution was stopped.Scientists study the seabed to see how animals and plants are recovering from this pollution.Scientists are interested in the rising temperatures in the Antarctic.The higher temperatures are causing the ice to melt and break up into icebergs.The area of sea covered by ice is shrinking.Scientists are studying the seabed to see how changes in the climate are affecting seabed life.Giant icebergs break off the ice shelf in the Antarctic.icebergice shelf5Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Paul Souders/CORBIS001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 5001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 57/03/12 1:18 PM7/03/12 1:18 PMSouth PoleRoss Ice ShelfMcMurdo StationAntarcticaMcMurdo Station is on the edgeof the Ross Ice Shelf.The Antarctic is the coldest and windiest place on Earth.It is also the driest place on Earth.Living in this extreme environment can be a real adventure.The temperature at McMurdo Station can drop to minus 58 degrees Fahrenheit.The wind there often blows at more than 100 miles per hour.Scientists must wear special clothing to keep safe.They wear boots that are insulated,or lined inside,to keep the scientists feet warm.The boots keep the scientists socks from becoming saturated with moisture.The scientists also wear full-body suits that are windproof and insulated.It takes a lot of energy to keep warm in the Antarctic.The scientists must eat foods with plenty of protein.Sometimes Dr.Kim and her team go on research expeditions.They stay in special tents.The tents need to be strong because of the high winds.The camping equipment is heavy,so scientists usually travel by snowmobile.6Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 6001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 67/03/12 1:18 PM7/03/12 1:18 PMIn the Antarctic,the sun does not rise for most of the winter.This means it is dark for four months each year.Scientists have to live and work without sunlight.The sun stays up all day and night in summer.Scientists have to learn to sleep when it is light outside.Living in the Antarctic is challenging.It can also be rewarding.The scientists get to see amazing views of ice-covered mountains.They see fascinating wildlife,such as seals and penguins.Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer.He led the first expedition to reach the South Pole.This was in 1911.Amundsens team had no modern equipment.They traveled on sleds pulled by teams of dogs.A British explorer named Robert Scott wanted to reach the South Pole first.Robert Scott got there five weeks after Amundsen.The Race to the South PoleAmundsens sled dogs rest in the Antarctic in 1911.STOP AND CHECKWhat types of things do scientists study in the Antarctic?sledProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:607(bkgd)Eye Wire/Getty Images,Classic Image/Alamy001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 7001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 77/03/12 1:18 PM7/03/12 1:18 PMAt first,taking photographs of the seabed was very difficult.Researchers,or people who study to find out information,had to dive under the ice to take pictures.They had to cut a hole in the ice that would be big enough for divers to fit through whenever they wanted to take photographs.It takes two people an hour to make a small hole(about 6 inches across)with a hand drill.It takes much more time and many more people to make a hole big enough for a diver to fit through.CHAPTER 2A NEW SOLUTIONThe researchers need special machinery to drill large holes in the ice.The word very is an intensifying adverb.Can you find another intensifying adverb on this page?LanguageDetectiveresearcherdrillProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:608Maria Stenzel/National Geographic/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 8001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 87/03/12 1:18 PM7/03/12 1:18 PMThis helicopter is delivering equipment that melts ice.Drilling,blasting,and melting are three ways to make a hole in the ice.Scientists can drill a hole in the ice in just a few hours.To drill a hole,the scientists need a tractor and a large drill.They also need an electricity generator.Each of these machines needs a special operator.Scientists can blast a hole in the ice with explosives.This can take less than a day.The scientists need an explosives expert and a helicopter to carry the explosives to the sites they work at.Blasting leaves broken ice around the hole.This can be dangerous for researchers.Divers have to wait for the broken ice to freeze before using the hole.It can take up to three days to melt a hole in the ice.Scientists need to transport a generator to the site.They need to put more fuel in the engine every three hours.Scientists do not get much sleep when they are making a hole by melting the ice.helicopterequipment9Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Dr.Stacy Kim001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 9001_009_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 97/03/12 1:18 PM7/03/12 1:18 PMThe divers can enter the water when the hole has been made.The divers can only dive for a short time.They cannot dive more than 130 feet below the surface.They can get very ill if they dive too deep and come up quickly.They can get a serious sickness called“the bends.”Sometimes Weddell seals take over an ice hole that the researchers have made.This means divers cannnot use the hole any longer.Weddell seals need holes in the ice to breath.Usually,they need to make the holes themselves.Weddell SealsWeddell seals happily occupy a hole in the ice.Divers cannot enter or exit the water.holesealProgram:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:6010(bkgd)Eye Wire/Getty Images,Minden Pictures/SuperStock010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 10010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 107/03/12 1:19 PM7/03/12 1:19 PMDr.Kim wanted to find an easier way to do research.She thought of an alternative to making big diving holes in the ice.She realized that she needed a robot that could fit through a 6-inch hole.The robot could move around under the sea and take photos of the seabed.There were no robots like this in the world.Dr.Kim asked a team of scientists to help her build the special robot.The team decided to call the robot SCINI(said as“skinny”).SCINI means Submersible Capable of under Ice Navigation and Imaging.The SCINI robot travels over the seabed in McMurdo Sound.STOP AND CHECKWhat are some problems scientists have when photographing the seabed in the Antarctic?SCINI robot11Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Henry Kaiser010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 11010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 117/03/12 1:19 PM7/03/12 1:19 PMThe SCINI team included an oceanographer,a software designer,and a robot expert.Dr.Kims husband,who is an engineer and diver,was involved in the project,too.The team began working on the robot in 2007.They worked at the Moss Landing Marine Labs in California.They had to work quickly.They wanted to use SCINI in the Antarctic the next summer.The team built a trial,or test,version of SCINI.They used toy motors and a cheap security camera for the trial robot.The robot looked like a long plastic tube.SCINI had to be this shape to fit through a small hole in the ice.CHAPTER 3BUILDING A ROBOTSummer in Antarctica begins in November.It marks the end of months of darkness.12Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60HPH Image Library/Gallo Images/Getty Images010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 12010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 127/03/12 1:19 PM7/03/12 1:19 PMThe team tested the trial version of SCINI in a seawater tank.They used a laptop computer to drive the robot around the tank.The robot was connected to the computer with a cable.The cable let the researchers control the robot.The cable let them download photos too.At first the toy motors kept breaking.The scientists had to use new motors every 40 minutes.Another problem was that the photographs were extremely blurry.Dr.Kim and the other researchers worked together to fix these problems.The new robot had more resilient motors and a better camera.In October 2007,the robot was ready to be tested in the Antarctic.Researchers tested SCINI in a seawater tank.The word extremely is an intensifying adverb.Can you find another intensifying adverb on this page?LanguageDetective13Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Dr.Stacy Kim010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 13010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 137/03/12 1:19 PM7/03/12 1:19 PMWhen SCINI was tested in the Antarctic,it was a great success.SCINI was so small and light that the researchers only needed a snowmobile to transport it to the study sites.When the team arrived at a research site,they set up a tent and drilled a 6-inch hole in the ice.Then they lowered SCINI through the hole into the water.Scientists directed the robot to locations that corresponded to sites on their map of the seabed.When they were in the Antarctic,Dr.Kims team kept in touch with researchers in the United States by using the Internet.The team sent reports that explained what SCINI was finding on the seabed.Drilling a small hole for SCINI is much easier than making a large hole for a diver.In Other Words communicated.En espaol,kept in touch quiere decir se en contacto.14Program:CR 14Component:LRG6 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:60Courtesy of Dr.Stacy Kim010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 14010_018_CR14_LR_G6_U6W3L60_E_118744.indd 147/03/12 1:20 PM7/03/12 1:20 PMDr.Kim could study many new areas of the seabed.She did not not have to spend days making large holes in the ice.SCINI was also able to go deeper than human divers.This meant that Dr.Kim could study areas of the seabed that had never been seen before.Dr.Kims team also used SCINI to find lost equipment.The equipment had been placed on the seabed by scientists in the 1960s.Then the scientists decided that diving deeper than 130 feet was too dangerous,and they left the equipment.Sometimes there were problems with SCINI,and scientists had to fix it.Sometimes the currents in the sea were too strong for SCINI.The team attached heavy weights to SCINI so it could still dive.Researchers send SCINI under the ice near McMurdo Sta