MHE_Rdg_Wonders_LvRdr_G5_ELL_U6W3_28.pdf

PAIREDREADWhy Bat Flies at NightExpository Text by Jocelyn CranefieldProgram:CR 14Component:LRG5 U6 W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50CV_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 3CV_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 314/03/12 12:06 PM14/03/12 12:06 PMSTRATEGIES&SKILLSComprehensionStrategy:Ask and Answer QuestionsSkill:Cause and EffectVocabulary StrategyParagraph CluesVocabulary adaptations,agile,caches,dormant,forage,frigid,hibernate,insulatesELL Vocabularyefficiently,extend,features,surviveContent StandardsScienceLife Science Photography Credit:Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty images.*The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only.Numerals and words in captions,labels,diagrams,charts,and sidebars are not included.Word Count:1,425*AProgram:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 10121ISBN:978-0-02-118774-4MHID:0-02-118774-6Printed in the United States.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 214/03/12 12:04 PM14/03/12 12:04 PMPAIREDREADby Jocelyn CranefieldIntroduction .2Chapter 1From the Entrance to the Twilight Zone .4Chapter 2Dark and Surprising Places .10Conclusion.16Respond to Reading.18Why Bat Flies at Night .19Glossary.22Index.23Focus on Science .24 Essential QuestionHow are living things adapted to their environment?Cave CREATURES Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 115/03/12 12:12 PM15/03/12 12:12 PMThere are caves all over the world.Many caves extend deep below the surface of Earth.At first,a cave looks like a dark,empty space.If you shine a flashlight inside a cave,you probably will not see anything.But if you go inside the cave,there are many living things.Caves can be on the coast,in a forest,or under the desert.Caves are made out of limestone,marble,or lava from volcanoes.Some caves have beautiful mineral formations.Other caves are full of smelly,poisonous gases.Every cave is a home for animals.Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico has beautiful mineral formations.Introductionminer alformation2Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:502MICHAEL NICHOLS/National Geographic Stock001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 2001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 215/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMCAVE DEPTHKrubera Cave,7,188 feet deepBUILDING HEIGHT1,000 ft1,000 ft2,000 ft2,723 ft0 ft2,000 ft3,000 ft4,000 ft5,000 ft6,000 ft7,000 ft Some animals are visitors to caves.Some animals live in caves all the time.Many animals have adaptations to live in caves.Adaptations are features that help living things survive.CAVES OF ALL SIZES Explorers have found more than 50,000 caves in the world.Some caves have a single tunnel.Other caves have many interconnected tunnels.The deepest cave is the Krubera Cave.It is about 7,188 feet deep.Compare the depth of the Krubera Cave with the heights of tall buildings,below.The longest cave is the Mammoth Cave system in Kentucky.It extends for more than 350 miles underground.The Krubera CaveCAVE LOCATIONS3Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 3001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 315/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMFrom the Entrance to the Twilight ZoneChapter ONE Some animals stay near the cave entrance for shelter or to sleep.It is warm in winter and cool in summer there.These animals are called trogloxenes,or cave visitors.They go outside the cave to get food.Bats,skunks,raccoons,and snakes are trogloxenes.The Mexican free-tailed bat is a trogloxene.It is nocturnal.During the day,this bat roosts in colonies on cave roofs.At dusk,it leaves the cave to catch insects.Bats come out of the cave at night to hunt.b at sunset4Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:504Fred Bruemmer/Photolibrary/Getty Images001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 4001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 415/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMMexican free-tailed bats,and most other bats,have an adaptation called echolocation to find their way in the dark.The bat makes high-pitched squeaking sounds,then listens for an echo.The echo helps the bat figure out where things are.In some places,bats hibernate in caves during the winter.They dont sleep all winter.They wake up from their dormant state every 15 to 30 days for a short time.A place where a bat hibernates is called a hibernaculum.During winter,it is warmer inside the cave than outside.The cave insulates animals from the cold.The Virginia big-eared bat hibernates in the Hellhole caverns in West Virginia.Bears enter a deep sleep in winter.Some scientists think this is a type of hibernation.Don t is a negative contraction.What words make up the contraction?LanguageDetective ear 5Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:505(t)AFP/Getty Images/Newscom,(b)Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 5001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 515/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMThe twilight zone is located deeper inside the cave.It is cool and damp.Green plants cant grow because there is very little light.Many creatures that live here are called troglophiles,or cave lovers.Troglophiles can spend their whole lives in caves,but they can also survive outside.Some types of spiders,earthworms,beetles,frogs,and crickets are troglophiles.The dark twilight zone has little food.The animals cant see well,so they use other senses.They use sound and touch to find food and get around.The animals have adaptations to live in the twilight zone.Glowworms are troglophiles.Their adaptation is the ability to light up their abdomen to attract prey.The glowworm spins a web,then lights up its abdomen.The glowworm caches insects in the web until the glowworm is ready to eat.The glowworm turns off its light when it hears a noise.In Other Words move from one place to another.En espaol,get around quiere decir moverse.abdomenlight6Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:506blickwinkel/Alamy001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 6001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 615/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PM antennae hind legwingsThe New Zealand cave weta is also a troglophile.It is a kind of cricket that lives on cave roofs.It has antennae that are about seven times longer than its body.The antennae help the weta to move and to feel around for food.The agile weta can jump more than 6 feet!ADAPTING TO SILENCEThe African cave cricket communicates secretly without making any sound.It uses wings to send out tiny puffs of air,called vortices.Other cave crickets can feel these vortices,but predators cannot feel the vortices.The New Zealand cave weta has long legs so it can leap away from danger.7Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:507(t)Natural Visions/Alamy,(b)Premaphotos/Alamy001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 7001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 715/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMPlants cant grow in a dark cave,so what do animals eat?Rain and underground streams bring twigs,leaves,seeds,insects,and plant-based nutrients into the cave.The droppings of bats,cave crickets,and other animals contain plant material.These are sources of food for animals in the cave.Molds,fungi,and bacteria break down the plant material so that tiny,microscopic animals can eat it.The larger cave animals eat the microscopic animals.Then other cave predators eat the larger animals.CAVE LIONSBones of lions were discovered in caves in France and were named cave lions.Scientists believe that the cave lions lived between 12,000 and 40,000 years ago.The lions were about 25 percent bigger than the lions today.The cave lions probably didnt live in caves most of the time.Animal bones can be preserved in caves for a long time because conditions inside caves do not often change.Scientists have learned about the cave lions from very old bones.STOP AND CHECKWhy do animals need to adapt to live in caves?8Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:508CLAY BRYCE/AFP/Newscom001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 8001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 815/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMSmall insects such as mosquitoes,gnats,glowworms,cricketsSpidersCentipedes BeetlesFrogsSporesBacteriaIn this food web,nutrients in guano,or bat droppings,and other materials are broken down and recycled by cave creatures and microscopic organisms.These creatures are eaten by larger predators.GuanoEarthwormsBatsTiny insects,mitesCave siltMatter carried by waterMineralsFungiMold CAVE FOOD WEB9Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3 EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:509001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 9001-009_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 915/03/12 12:13 PM15/03/12 12:13 PMThe dark zone is deep underground in the heart of a cave.There is no light,nor wind.No plants grow in the dark zone.Life in the Dark ZoneAnimals that live in the dark zone are called troglobites,or cave dwellers.They have adaptations such as small bodies,long limbs,and long antennae.They have the ability to detect small vibrations or smells.These adaptations help the creatures move around and forage for food efficiently.This insect is a dipluran.It has no eyes or wings.Instead,it has long antennae and two tails.In Other Words far inside.En espaol,in the heart of quiere decir en lo ms profundo.Dark and Surprising Places Chapter TWO 10Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50Dante Fenolio/Photo Researchers/Getty Images(t)TomHartman/OxfordScientific/GettyImages(b)DanteFenolio/PhotoResearchers Inc010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 10010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1015/03/12 12:14 PM15/03/12 12:14 PMMany troglobites have different adaptations than the animals that live above the ground.Animals that live in the dark zone have tiny eyes or no eyes at all because eyes are not useful in dark places.Most animals that live above ground have a coloring in their skin called pigment.Pigment is an adaptation.It protects animals from the sun.In the dark zone,pigment is not useful.So some troglobites have nearly see-through,or translucent,skin.Troglobites have adaptations to help them live in the dark zone,but they could not survive above the ground.This cave harvestman has long,thin legs,a tiny body,and is blind.This pseudoscorpion has very long pincers,but it has no eyes.Could not is a negative.Find another negative on this page.LanguageDetectivepincer11Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50(t)Tom Hartman/Oxford Scientific/Getty Images,(b)Dante Fenolio/Photo Researchers,Inc.010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 11010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1115/03/12 12:14 PM15/03/12 12:14 PMENTRANCE ZONETWILIGHT ZONEDARK ZONETROGLOBITESTROGLOXENESTROGLOPHILESSTYGOBITESSTYGOPHILESSTYGOXENES12Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50Illustration:Yasin Karadeniz010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 12010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1215/03/12 12:14 PM15/03/12 12:14 PMThe Texas blind salamander has no eyes.It hunts its prey by sensing movements in the water.This cave crayfish has no pigment in its skin.Aquatic Cave Dwellers Many caves have networks of underground streams and ponds.So caves have aquatic animals that have adapted to living in and around the streams and ponds.The aquatic cave dwellers that cannot survive outside caves are called stygobites.Stygobites include blind fish,salamanders with no eyes,translucent crayfish,and other crustaceans with no pigment.Usually,water enters the cave,flows through underground tunnels,then flows out of the cave.The water carries aquatic creatures into and out of the cave.Stygoxenes are aquatic visitors from outside the cave.Stygophiles are aquatic animals that live inside and outside the cave.13Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50(l)Dante Fenolio/Photo Researchers/Getty Images,(r)Tom Uhlman/Alamy010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 13010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1315/03/12 12:14 PM15/03/12 12:14 PMboreholefishing rod Extreme Cave DwellersCave creatures can live in unusual places.In 2001,tiny stygobites were discovered in limestone caves under the desert in Western Australia.Scientists scooped up the tiny stygobites with fishing rods and nets.They looked like shrimp.Some caves provide extreme conditions.For most creatures,the caves are too cold,too hot,or too toxic to survive.Yet microscopic forms of life live in these caves.Animals that have adapted to live in extreme conditions are called extremophiles.This scientist is fishing down a borehole for subterranean aquatic animals in Western Australia.14Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50W F Humphreys,Western Australian Museum010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 14010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1415/03/12 12:14 PM15/03/12 12:14 PMGreenlands ice caves are frigid and hostile to life.But scientists have discovered microscopic creatures living there.The creatures can survive in the sub-zero temperatures of the ice caves.Cueva de Villa Luz in Mexico is another cave with extreme conditions.The cave emits fumes of hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas.Scientists have found microbes in the cave.They are called snottites,blue goo,and slime balls!Extremophiles live in Greenlands frozen ice caves.Extremophiles in Cueva de Villa Luz live on a gas that is poisonous to other animals.STOP AND CHECKWhat is an extremophile?ic esnotti tesProgram:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:5015(t)moodboard/Alamy,(b)Stephen Alvarez/National Geographic/Getty Images010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 15010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 1515/03/12 12:14 PM15/03/12 12:14 PMCave creatures live in dark underground places.We couldnt survive very long under the ground,and many cave creatures couldnt survive above the ground.These creatures have adaptations to live in caves.How do we know which features of cave creatures are adaptations?And how do we learn how the adaptations help cave animals to survive?Scientists look for answers to these questions.They climb,dive,and squeeze into cold and dark caves.They observe and photograph the cave animals to learn about them.spid er16Program:CR 14Component:LRG5U6W3-EPDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:50Mark Moffett/Minden Pictures/Getty images010-018_CR14_LR_G5_U6W3L50_E_118774.indd 16010-018_CR14_L