MHE_Rdg_Wonders_LvRdr_G5_Approach_U3W3_13.pdf

by James McNaughtonby James s MMc cN Na au ug gh htonJamhtPaerns sWWe ea at th he er rPAIREDREADCloud AtlasExpository TextProgram:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40CV_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 2CV_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 21/03/12 10:41 AM1/03/12 10:41 AMASTRATEGIES&SKILLSPhotography Credit:The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc./Barry Barker,photographer*The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only.Numerals and words in captions,labels,diagrams,charts,and sidebars are not included.ComprehensionStrategy:Ask and Answer QuestionsSkill:Main Idea and Key DetailsVocabulary StrategyGreek RootsVocabularycontact,erode,formations,moisture,particles,repetition,structures,visibleContent StandardsScienceEarth and Space ScienceWord Count:1,446*Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,including,but not limited to,network storage or transmission,or broadcast for distance learning.Send all inquiries to:McGraw-Hill EducationTwo Penn PlazaNew York,New York 10121ISBN:978-0-02-118559-7MHID:0-02-118559-XPrinted in the United States.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC 15 14 13 12 11 10IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 2IFCIBC_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 21/03/12 10:41 AM1/03/12 10:41 AMPAIREDREADIntroduction .2Chapter 1Typical Weather Patterns .4Chapter 2Seasonal Weather .8Chapter 3Weird Weather.12Conclusion.16Respond to Reading.18Cloud Atlas.19Glossary.22Index.23 Focus on Science .24Essential QuestionWhere can you find patterns in nature?by James McNaughtontontoPa atterns sWWe ea at th he er rProgram:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 1001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 11/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AMWhat do you do when you have a picnic or other outdoor event coming up?You probably check the weather forecast and are relieved when the forecast is good.Weather is complicated.It used to be hard to predict.Now scientists understand much more about how weather works.Heat from the sun drives weather.Warm air rises,and cool air moves into the space that the warm air left.The moving air causes wind.Meteorologists are scientists who study weather.They look for patterns,and they use these patterns to help them predict things such as clouds,wind,and precipitation.They also predict seasonal events,such as hurricanes and tornadoes.IntroductionIntroduction2Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 2001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 21/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AMHowever,some weather is just weird.It doesnt follow the normal rules about wind.It doesnt follow a regular pattern.There is still a lot we have to learn about weather.Powerful hurricanes occur annually in certain tropical and subtropical parts of the world.3Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Stocktrek Images/Getty Images001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 3001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 31/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AMsun s raysthe tropicsNorth PoleSouth PoleequatorThe tropics are hot because the sunlight is more direct there.Chapter 1Chapter 1The sun heats up the air in the atmosphere.The suns rays strike the tropics very directly.This makes it hotter in the tropics.This is the part of Earth close to the equator.The suns rays dont strike the North and South poles as directly.This makes the suns rays weaker,or cooler there.When air heats up,it expands.Hot air rises and moves to where cold air is.The cold air drops down to make room for the hot air.This movement of hot and cold air creates wind.Wind occurs in regular patterns.Meteorologists can predict these patterns.Intense Tropical Heat Intense Tropical Heat 4Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Illustration:Gerad Taylor001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 4001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 41/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AMThe Water Cycle The Water Cycle The water cycle also moves the suns heat around.When the sun heats water,some of the water evaporates and becomes vapor.Water vapor is not usually visible.The vapor rises and cools down in the atmosphere.It condenses and forms clouds.Eventually some of this moisture falls back to Earth as rain or snow.Then the water cycle begins again.The repetition of this cycle produces local weather patterns,such as cloud formations over mountains.Water condenses to form clouds.Water evaporates.Water precipitates.Water returns to oceans underground and via rivers.Most of the moisture in our atmosphere comes from the ocean.Some also evaporates from rivers and lakes.A small amount of moisture comes from plants.5Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Illustration:Gerad Taylor001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 5001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 51/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AM Wind Patterns Wind Patterns Equator westerliesPolar zoneKEYTemperate zoneThe tropicsPrevailing windPrevailing WindPrevailing WindA prevailing wind is the regular wind in your area.Most of the weather in the United States comes from the west because of a prevailing westerly wind.When warm air moves north and south away from the tropics,Earths rotation makes the wind curve.This is called the Coriolis effect.The temperate zones in both hemispheres have prevailing westerlies because of the Coriolis effect.6Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Illustration:Gerad Taylor001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 6001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 61/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AMSea breezes often begin to blow in the afternoon.Prevailing winds can also come from local conditions.Sea breezes occur on hot,sunny days when the land heats up faster than the water.The air above the land gets warm,rises,and moves over the ocean.Cooler air over the ocean moves in to replace the warm air.It blows over the land as a cooling sea breeze.It is very hot in Fremantle,Australia.They call the summer sea breeze the Fremantle Doctor because the cool air is such a relief!STOP AND CHECKHow does heat from the sun cause wind?Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:407Charles Smith/CORBIS001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 7001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 71/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AMThe Southeast Asian MonsoonThe Southeast Asian MonsoonThe monsoon season happens between June and September.The monsoon rains are important to the agriculture and economy of the region.Very heavy rains and flooding are common during the monsoon season.Seasons follow a predictable pattern.If you live in a temperate zone,you have four seasons.If you live in the tropics,there are two seasons:wet and dry.Monsoons and hurricanes occur seasonally.MonsoonsMonsoonsMonsoon rains begin when the wind changes direction.In India and Southeast Asia,this occurs when hot air over the land rises up and pulls in wet air from the sea.This causes lots of rain!Seasonal WeatherSeasonal Weather8Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc./Barry Barker,photographer001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 8001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 81/03/12 10:47 AM1/03/12 10:47 AM hot airhot airhot airmoist air moist air Just like the Southeast Asian monsoon,rising hot air draws in cooler,moister ocean air to cause the North American monsoon.The North American MonsoonThe North American MonsoonThe North American monsoon season begins in the middle of summer.Moist,warm air moves inland from the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California.Heavy rain falls in the mountains of central Mexico.The monsoon then moves north,bringing rain to Arizona,New Mexico,and Texas.The monsoon rain is the main source of water in this area.It is very important to life in the desert.It also helps prevent wildfires.How the North American Monsoon WorksHow the North American Monsoon WorksProgram:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:409Illustration:Gerad Taylor001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 9001_009_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 91/03/12 10:48 AM1/03/12 10:48 AMHurricanes and T ornadoes Hurricanes and T ornadoes Hurricanes and tornadoes are not as helpful as monsoons.These fierce storms can damage man-made structures.Hurricanes and tornadoes have regular seasons and typical locations.The Atlantic hurricane season is from June to November.Hot air and warm ocean water combine to make hurricane conditions.Hurricanes,typhoons,and tropical cyclones are the same thing.They just have different names in different parts of the world.Tornadoes form when dry air from the north combines with warm,moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and hot,dry air from the Sonoran Desert.This creates thunderstorms.Tornadoes often form out of thunderstorms.Tornadoes occur over land instead of over water.An area known as Tornado Alley has many tornadoes.The tornado season is from late spring through early summer.STOP AND CHECKHow are monsoon rains useful?10Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 10010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 101/03/12 10:42 AM1/03/12 10:42 AMNMap KeyMap Key State borders Tornado AlleyU.S.Map Showing T ornado Alley U.S.Map Showing T ornado Alley HurricanesHurricanes are storms that form over warm water.Hurricane winds can blow faster than 150 miles per hour.They blow in a large spiral around a calm center called the“eye.”TornadoesA tornado is a windstorm with a twisting,funnel-shaped cloud.It usually grows out of a thunderstorm.Winds in a tornado can blow as fast as 320 miles per hour.In the middle is an eye of air that spins quickly downward.Tornadoes are smaller than hurricanes,but they are powerful enough to lift houses into the air and rip out trees.They usually last less than ten minutes.Tornadoes Versus HurricanesTornadoes Versus Hurricanes11Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 11010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 111/03/12 10:42 AM1/03/12 10:42 AMWeird WeatherWeird WeatherSome weather is weird because it doesnt follow the usual rules or patterns.Katabatic WindsKatabatic WindsKatabatic winds are weird because they arent caused by the movement of hot and cold air.Instead,katabatic winds are caused by gravity.They happen when cold air from a high frozen plateau slides downhill to the ocean.Cold air becomes denser when it makes contact with snow and ice.Katabatic winds can become even stronger when they blow through valleys.They can blow up to 150 miles per hour.They can even erode stone.Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:4012 Katabatic winds are unusual and only occur in a few places on Earth.Graham Neden;Ecoscene/CORBIS010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 12010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 121/03/12 10:42 AM1/03/12 10:42 AMCaliforniaSierra Nevada Great BasinThe Santa Ana WindThe Santa Ana WindThe Santa Ana wind can help wildfires spread.When this happens,it is very dangerous because it occurs in areas where there are many people.The Santa Ana wind in California is a warm katabatic wind.The wind gets hotter on its way to the ocean.The Santa Ana wind occurs when cool air from the Great Basin,the high desert between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada range,falls downhill over the Sierra Nevada.The Santa Ana wind blows during the dry season.Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:4013(t)Mountain High Maps/Digital Wisdom,(b)Ann Johansson/CORBIS010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 13010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 131/03/12 10:43 AM1/03/12 10:43 AMCooler temperaturesWarmer temperaturesTrade winds dropWarm surface water piles up.Warm sea currents replace the cold water and establish a layer of warm water along the coast.When trade winds drop,warm surface water may flow eastwards.Cold water presses upward replacing the warm surface water.Trade winds blow.Normal YearNormal YearEl NiEl Ni o Yearo YearSouth AmericaAustraliaIndonesiaAustraliaIndonesiaSouth AmericaEl NioEl NioEl Nio(el NEE-nyo)is another kind of weird weather.It is a large and complicated weather event.Sometimes it occurs every second year.Other times it can be seven years between each El Nio.So far scientists have been unable to predict an El Nio.An El Nio event happens when water in the Pacific Ocean near South America warms up.This changes normal ocean currents.14Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Illustration:Gerad Taylor010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 14010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 141/03/12 10:43 AM1/03/12 10:43 AMA small rise in water temperature in the eastern Pacific can cause a drought in Australia.El Nio can change normal weather patterns.Dry areas can flood,and wet areas can experience drought.Some places may experience colder winters than usual.When there is a small rise in ocean temperature,about 4 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit,an El Nio might not have much impact on the worlds weather.A big increase in temperature,14 to 18 degrees Fahrenheit,causes big changes in weather around the world.STOP AND CHECKWhy are katabatic winds and El Nio called weird weather in the text?Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:4015Jean-Paul Nacivet/Photographer s Choice RF/Getty Images010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 15010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 151/03/12 10:43 AM1/03/12 10:43 AMConclusionConclusionStudying weather patterns helps us understand our world better.We know that wind is caused by the effect of the suns heat in the atmosphere.We know that wind blows in predictable ways,and we know why there are prevailing winds.We also understand the way the water cycle moves the suns heat around.Weird weather is harder to understand.Katabatic winds result from cold,dense air being pulled downhill by gravity.This fifteenth century Italian map of the world shows that some people long ago thought that wind was the breath of the gods.16Program:CR 14Component:LRG5 U3 W3 APDFVendor:Learning MediaLevel:40Mike Agliolo/CORBIS010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 16010_018_CR14_LR_G5_U3W3L40_A_118559.indd 161/03/12 10:43 AM1/03/12 10:43 AMWeather satellites take pictures from high above Earth so we can see whats happening with the worlds weather.El Nio is so big and complicated that we still cant predict it.A small change in the temperature of the Pacific Ocean in one place can have a big effect on weather far away.Today scientists can use weather satellites to collect dat