2019年6月北美.pdf

1 1 CONTINUE 1 Reading Test 65 MINUTES,52 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.DIRECTIONS Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions.After reading each passage or pair,choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or passages and in any accompanying graphics(such as a table or graph).line 5 10 15 20 Questions 1-10 are based on the following passage.This passage is adapted from Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie,Americanah.2013 by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.The passage is set in a hair-braiding salon in New Jersey.Ifemelu is about to move back to Nigeria,where her former boyfriend Obinze lives.Ifemelu decided then that she did not like Aisha at all.She wanted to curtail the conversation now,so that they would say only what they needed to say during the six hours it would take to braid her hair,and so she pretended not to have heard and instead brought out her phone.Feeling reckless,she composed an e-mail to Obinze and,without permitting herself to reread it,she sent it off.She had written that she was moving back to Nigeria and,even though she had a job waiting for her,even though her car was already on a ship bound for Lagos,it suddenly felt true for the first time.I recently decided to move back to Nigeria.Aisha was not discouraged.Once Ifemelu looked up from her phone,Aisha asked again,“How long you in America?”Ifemelu took her time putting her phone back into her bag.Years ago,she had been asked a similar question,at a wedding,and she had said two years,which was the truth,but the jeer on the Nigerians face had taught her that,to earn the prize of being taken seriously among Nigerians in America,among Africans in America,indeed among immigrants in America,she needed more years.Six years,she began to say when it was just three and a half.Eight years,she said when it 25 was five.Now that it was thirteen years,lying seemed unnecessary but she lied anyway.“Fifteen years,”she said.“Fifteen?That long time.”A new respect slipped into Aishas eyes.“You live here in Trenton?”30“I live in Princeton.”“Princeton.”Aisha paused.“You student?”“Ive just finished a fellowship,”she said,knowing that Aisha would not understand what a fellowship was,and in the rare moment that Aisha looked intimidated,35 Ifemelu felt a perverse pleasure.Yes,Princeton.Yes,the sort of place that Aisha could only imagine.“But Im going back home to Nigeria,”Ifemelu added,suddenly remorseful.“Im going next week.”“To see the family.”40“No Im moving back.To live in Nigeria.”“Why?”“What do you mean,why?Why not?”“Better you send money back.Unless your father is big man?You have connections?”45“I found a job there,”she said.“You stay in America fifteen years and you just go back to work?”Aisha smirked.“You can stay there.”Aisha reminded her of what Aunty Uju had said,when she finally accepted that Ifemelu was serious 50 about moving backWill you able to cope?and the suggestion,that she was somehow irrevocably altered by America,had grown thorns on her skin.Her parents,too,seemed to think that she might not be able to“cope”with Nigeria.“At least you are now an 55 American citizen so you can always return to America,”her father had said.Both of them had asked if Blaine would be coming with her,their question heavy with 1 1 CONTINUE 2 hope.It amused her how often they asked about Blaine now,since it had taken them a while to make peace 60 with the idea of her black American boyfriend.She imagined them nursing quiet plans for her wedding:her mother would think of a caterer and colors,and her father would think of a distinguished friend he could ask to be the sponsor.Reluctant to flatten their hope,65 because it took so little to keep them hoping,which in turn kept them happy,she told her father,“We decided I will come back first and then Blaine will come after a few weeks.”“Splendid,”her father said,and she said nothing 70 else because it was best if things were simply left at splendid.Aisha tugged a little too hard at her hair.“Fifteen years in American very long time,”Aisha said,as though she had been pondering this.“You have 75 boyfriend?You marry?”“Im also going back to Nigeria to see my man,”Ifemelu said,surprising herself.My man.How easy it was to lie to strangers,to create with strangers the versions of our lives that we have imagined.80“Oh!Okay!”Aisha said,excited;Ifemelu had finally given her a comprehensible reason for wanting to move back.“You will marry?”“Maybe.Well see.”“Oh!”Aisha stopped twisting and stared at her 85 in the mirror,a dead stare,and Ifemelu feared,for a moment,that the woman had clairvoyant powers and could tell she was lying.According to the passage,the act of sending an email to Obinze prompts Ifemelu to A)put an end to her conversation with Aisha.B)recognize the reality of her impending move.C)lie about how long she has lived in America.D)reflect on her time spent living in Princeton.As used in line 13,“discouraged”most nearly means A)deterred.B)unmotivated.C)saddened.D)convinced.Ifemelu feels remorse(line 38)most likely because of her A)dislike of moving.B)acceptance of a new job.C)thoughts about her family.D)treatment of Aisha.Based on the passage,Ifemelu would most likely describe Aisha as A)optimistic and friendly.B)intuitive and talented.C)intrusive and uncultured.D)guarded and suspicious.1 4 3 2 1 1 CONTINUE 3 6 9 In line 42,Ifemelus response to Aisha suggests the Ifemelu most likely feels A)offended that Aisha is asking about her family.B)incredulous that Aisha wants her to stay in Princeton.C)annoyed because Aisha is questioning her decision to move back to Nigeria.D)smug because Aisha doesnt have the opportunity to go to Nigeria.Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?A)Lines 35-36(“Yes,Princetonimagine”)B)Lines 48-52(“Aishaskin”)C)Lines 54-58(“At leasthope”)D)Lines 64-68(“Reluctantweeks”)As used in lines 59-60,“make peace with”most nearly means A)negotiate.B)allay.C)accept.D)forgive.The passage most strongly suggests that one reason Ifemelu lies to Aisha about her“man”in Nigeria is that A)Ifemelu cannot decide whether or not to leave Princeton.B)the information Ifemelu gives Aisha reflects what Ifemelu wishes were true.C)Ifemelu is fearful of how Aisha would react if Ifemelu told the truth.D)gaining Aishas admiration is important to Ifemelu.The description in the passage of Ifemelus familys reactions to Ifemelus intention to move back to Nigeria primarily serves to A)highlight a pattern of skepticism about Ifemelus decision.B)demonstrate how Ifemelus decision was influenced by her family.C)emphasize the contrast between the opinions of Ifemelus family and Aisha.D)suggest that Ifemelu has doubts about her ability to adjust to a new environment.Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?A)Lines 32-35(“Ive justpleasure”)B)Lines 60-64(“She imaginedsponsor”)C)Lines 77-79(“How easyimagined”)D)Lines 84-87(“Aishalying”)7 8 5 10 CONTINUE 4 1 1 line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Questions 11-21 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.This passage and accompanying graph are adapted from Joel Kurtzman,Unleashing the Second American Century:Four Forces for Economic Dominance.2014 by Joel Kurtzman.In the 1980s,when Japanese manufacturing processes were among the most advanced in the world,hundreds of articles and books were written about the Japanese challenge.Many focused on the just-in-time production process as a fundamental element of Japans success.Just in time(JIT)was a process for delivering component parts to factories when they were needed,thus eliminating the need for maintaining large,expensive parts inventories and warehouses.It makes sense that JIT emerged in Japan,a country where real estate is scarce and expensive.Toyota,one of the developers of the process,saw no benefit in building expensive warehouses if it didnt need to,or stockpiling windshields,wheels,or gears.Instead,it integrated its suppliers into its production processes so windshields and the other components would arrive at the factory just in time to be placed on the cars working their way through the assembly line.But it didnt take longless than a decadefor this quintessential Japanese process to become a fundamental part of the American production process.In the United States,a much larger country than Japan,JIT production went well beyond the original concept.By the early 1990s,trucking,transportation,and shipping companiesYellow,UPS,FedEx,and othersset up their own massive regional distribution centers where parts could be shipped,kept for an hour or two,and then moved to the factory when they were needed.In a short span of time,this Japanese process became Americanized as shipping and transportation companies transformed themselves from truck operators to logistics handling companies built around just-in-time deliveries.An idea hatched in Japan was perfected in the United States.Transmutingand sometimes even perfectingideas developed elsewhere is fundamental to the way America does business.And,while we chide ourselves unduly regarding what we believe to be a slow rate of change,the fact is that no other country changes more rapidly than we donor is any other country as open to new ideas.These are generalizations,to be sure.But they carry more than a modicum of truth.The JIT concept is just one example of how this openness to new ideas plays out in real life.I could cite many others.45 But there is an even more important side of American openness that often gets short shrift.It is of course,all well and good that we are open to ideas.More important,though,is our openness in our communities to new people,along with their ideas.50 This kind of openness is what truly gives us the power to grow,and it is more important than the power of concepts like just-in-time deliveries.It goes without saying that we are not perfect.Prejudice certainly persists.But no country welcomes 55 and accepts newly arrived people or has benefited more from that acceptance the way America has.This has given us a tremendous advantageand a largely hidden one.According to a study by Vivek Wadhwa,a Silicon Valley entrepreneur who is also a professor 60 at New York University,24 percent of Silicon Valleys startups were launched by foreign-born entrepreneurs,mostly Indian and Chinese,but also Israeli,Russian,French,and others.For example,Intel,the worlds most important maker of computer chips,was cofounded by 65 Andrew Grove,a World War II refugee from Hungary.Googles cofounder Sergey Brin is Russian-born.Indian-born Vinod Khosla cofounded Sun Microsystems,and of the four cofounders of PayPal,two were born elsewhereMax Levchin,who was born in Ukraine,70 and Elon Musk,who was born in South Africa.The French-born Pierre Omidyar,whose parents were from Iran,founded eBay.SanDisk,a leader in flash memory,was cofounded by Israel-born Eli Harari.Percentage of Immigrant-Founded US Companies by Industry 1 1 CONTINUE 5 12 13 15 16 The primary purpose of the first and second paragraphs(lines 1-18)is to A)describe milestones in manufacturing and emphasize their importance.B)highlight practical limitations of Japanese manufacturing processes.C)analyze why so many articles and books about JIT have been written.D)define JIT and explain its origins.Based on the passage,the emergence of JIT in Japan was a result of A)geographic and economic constraints.B)the need to use existing warehouses.C)dwindling manufacturing inventories.D)political concerns and government policies.Which choice provides answer to the previous question:A)Lines 1-4(“In thechallenge”)B)Lines 4-6(“Manysuccess”)C)Lines 10-11(“It makesexpensive”)D)Lines 14-18(“Insteadline”)As used in lines 7,9,and 27,“parts”most nearly means A)supplies.B)divisions.C)portions.D)roles.Which situation is most similar to the use of JIT in the United States as described in the third and fourth paragraphs(lines 19-40)?A)An engineer manufactures a new product using an old technology.B)A researcher bases a hypothesis on the results of experiments in a different field of study.C)A business owner hires the former employees of a competitor to better understand the competitors processes.D)A scientist adopts a methodology used in a different scientific field and modifies it to better fit the needs of studies in her own field.The author most strongly suggests that people in the United States hold which unfounded belief about themselves?A)They refuse to embrace new ideas.B)They lack ingenuity.C)They are slow to adapt to new circumstances.D)They are suspicious of corporations.14 11 1 1 CONTINUE 6 Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?A)Lines 33-34(“An ideaStates”)B)Lines 37-40(“And,whileideas”)C)Lines 45-46(“But thereshrift”)D)Line 53(“It goesperfect”)As used in lines 43-44,“plays out”most nearly means A)exercises.B)happens.C)finishes.D)exhausts.According to the graph,which of the following industries has the smallest percentage of immigrant founded US companies?A)Defense/aerospace B)Software C)Computers/communications D)Semiconductors According to the graph,which of the following industries has a larger percentage of immigrant founded US companies than the average of all industry fields?A)Defense/aerospace B)Environmental C)Bioscience D)Innovation/manufacturing-related services One difference between the information presented in the graph and the information provided in the passage is that the graph A)refutes the passages claim that prejudice persist in the United States.B)provides information about immigrants as a group,while the passage details immigrants nationalities.C)relates information about fewer industries the does the passage.D)offers statistical data,while the passage main recounts the authors experiences.20 17 18 19 21 1 1 CONTINUE 7 line 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Questions 22-31 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.This page is adapted from Rachel Gleeson,“How the Sea Snake got its Stripes.”2010 by The University of Sydney.We all know that looks matter,and for snakes,a colour which works well on land has dramatically different results under water,according to a recent study by biologists from the University of Sydney.Professor Rick Shine and Dr Adele Pile from the School of Biological Sciences have discovered a sea snakes colouration can influence its susceptibility to algal fouling which can reduce swimming speed by up to 20 percent.Their study,reported this month in Proceedings of the Royal Society B,sheds new light on how the transition from terrestrial to aquatic life has shaped the evolution of sea snakes.Professor Shine said sea snakes evolved from venomous land snakessuch as the highly toxic tiger snakewho reinvaded the oceans around five million years ago.“The fact that sea snakes have made the transition from terrestrial to aquatic life,makes them the perfect model to study