SUMMARYwTheHornofAfricaisundergoingfar-reachingchangesinitsexternalsecurityenvironment.Awidevarietyofinternationalsecurityactors—fromEurope,theUnitedStates,theMiddleEast,theGulf,andAsia—arecurrentlyoperatingintheregion.Asaresult,theHornofAfricahasexperiencedaproliferationofforeignmilitarybasesandabuild-upofnavalforces.TheexternalmilitarizationoftheHornposesmajorquestionsforthefuturesecurityandstabilityoftheregion.ThisSIPRIBackgroundPaperisthefirstofthreepapersdevotedtothenewexternalsecuritypoliticsoftheHornofAfrica.ThepapermapsthegrowthofforeignmilitaryforcesinandaroundtheHornoverthepasttwodecades.Theothertwopapersinthisseriesare‘ThenewexternalsecuritypoliticsoftheHornofAfricaregion’(SIPRIInsightsonPeaceandSecurity,April2019)and‘ManagingthenewexternalsecuritypoliticsoftheHornofAfricaregion’(SIPRIPolicyBrief,April2019).THEFOREIGNMILITARYPRESENCEINTHEHORNOFAFRICAREGIONneilmelvin*April2019SIPRIBackgroundPaperI.IntroductionTheHornofAfricaregionhasexperiencedasubstantialincreaseinthenumberandsizeofforeignmilitarydeploymentssince2001,especiallyinthepastdecade(seeannexes1and2foranoverview).1AwiderangeofregionalandinternationalsecurityactorsarecurrentlyoperatingintheHornandtheforeignmilitaryinstallationsincludeland-basedfacilities(e.g.bases,ports,airstrips,trainingcamps,semi-permanentfacilitiesandlogisticshubs)andnavalforcesonpermanentorregulardeployment.2ThemostvisibleaspectofthispresenceistheproliferationofmilitaryfacilitiesinlittoralareasalongtheRedSeaandtheHornofAfrica.3However,therehasalsobeenabuild-upofnavalforces,notablyaroundtheBabel-MandebStrait,attheentrancetotheRedSeaandintheGulfofAden.ThisSIPRIBackgroundPapermapstheforeignmilitarypresenceintheHornofAfricaintheperiodsince2001,whenitbegantobuildupafteraperiodofpost-coldwardeclineandwasinitiallyfocusedoncounterterrorismfollowingtheterroristattacksontheUnitedStatesof11September2001.Firstandforemost,thepaperconsidersnationalmissionstotheHorn,thenitbrieflyconsidersthemultilateralmissionsthatarealsoprimarilyma...
