Agoal-basedapproachformodelingandsimulationofdifferenttypesofsystem-of-systemsFENGYimin1,ZHOUChenchu2,ZOUQiang1,*,LIUYusheng1,LYUJiyuan3,andWUXinfeng31.StateKeyLabofCAD&CG,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310027,China;2.Xi’anAerospacePropulsionInstitute,Xi’an710100,China;3.ChinaAstronautResearchandTrainningCenter,Beijing100094,ChinaAbstract:Asystemofsystems(SoS)composesasetofinde-pendentconstituentsystems(CSs),wherethedegreeofautho-ritytocontroltheindependenceofCSsvaries,dependingondif-ferentSoStypes.KeyresearchersdescribefourSoStypeswithdescendinglevelsofcentralauthority:directed,acknowledged,collaborativeandvirtual.Althoughthedefinitionshavebeenre-cognizedinSoSengineering,whatischallengingisthedifficultyoftranslatingthesedefinitionsintomodelsandsimulationenvi-ronments.Thus,weprovideagoal-basedmethodincludingamathematicalbaselinetotranslatethesedefinitionsintomoreeffectiveagent-basedmodelingandsimulations.First,wecon-structthetheoreticalmodelsofCSandSoS.Basedonthetheo-reticalmodels,weanalyzethedegreeofauthorityinfluencedbySoScharacteristics.Next,weproposeadefinitionofSoStypesbyquantitativelyexplainingthedegreeofauthority.Finally,werecognizethedifferencesbetweenacknowledgedSoSandcol-laborativeSoSusingamigratingwaterfowlflockbyanagent-basedmodel(ABM)simulation.ThispapercontributestotheSoSbodyofknowledgebyincreasingourunderstandingofthedegreeofauthorityinanSoS,sowemayidentifysuitableSoStypestoachieveSoSgoalsbymodelingandsimulation.Keywords:simulation,systemsagent-basedmodeling,systems-of-systems(SoS),systemsthinking.DOI:10.23919/JSEE.2023.0000841.IntroductionAsystemofsystems(SoS)comprisesacollectionofindependentsystemsthatinteroperatetogethertoachieveoverarchingcapabilities[1,2].ApplicationsofSoScanbefoundindiversedomains,suchasmilitary[1],aerospace[3],healthcare[4],transportation[5],andenergy[6],amongothers.Comparedtothetraditionalsysteminthefieldofsystemsengineering(SE),thedevelopmentofanSoSinthefieldofSoSengineering(SoSE)ischallengedbyincreasingcomplexityresultsfrom...
