Designation:D528–97(Reapproved2002)AnAmericanNationalStandardStandardTestMethodforMachineDirectionofPaperandPaperboard1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD528;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.1.Scope1.1Thistestmethodcoversfourproceduresfordeterminingthemachinedirectionofmostgradesofpaperandpaperboard,embodyingtheprinciplethatmachinedirectionalignmentoffibersresultsin:1.1.1Cross-directionshrinkagetoproducecurlwithaxisinmachinedirection,1.1.2Highercross-directiontear,1.1.3Highertensilestrengthinmachinedirection,and1.1.4Higherstiffnessinmachinedirection.1.2Applicationoftheproceduresinthismethodtocertaingradesofpaper,suchassheetslaminatedtofilm,crepedpapers,extensiblepapers(whereitisnotunusualforthemachinedirectiontensiletoberelativelylowandthestretchtoberelativelyhigh)andpapersreinforcedwithtextilematerials,mayresultinunreliabledeterminations.1.3Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtoestablishappro-priatesafetyandhealthpracticesanddeterminetheapplica-bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.2.ReferencedDocuments2.1ASTMStandards:D585PracticeforSamplingandAcceptingaSingleLotofPaper,Paperboard,Fiberboard,orRelatedProduct2D774TestMethodforBurstingStrengthofPaper2D828TestMethodforTensilePropertiesofPaperandPaperboardUsingConstant-Rate-of-ElongationAppara-tus2D1968TerminologyRelatingtoPaperandPaperProducts22.2TAPPIStandard:T409Machinedirectionofpaper33.Terminology3.1Definitions—DefinitionsshallbeinaccordancewithTerminologyD1968andtheDictionaryofPaper.34.SummaryofTestMethod4.1Thistestmethoddescribesfourphysicalproceduresfordeterminingthemachinedirectionofpaperandpaperboard.Twooftheproceduresemploynospecialapparatus,theoneusingthedifferenceinstiffnessbetw...
