ASTM_D_5754_-_95_2000.pdf

Designation:D 5754 95(Reapproved 2000)Standard Guide forDisplaying the Results of Chemical Analyses of GroundWater for Major Ions and Trace ElementsTrilinearDiagrams for Two or More Analyses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5754;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1 This guide describes the category of water analysisdiagrams that use two-dimensional trilinear graphs as a tech-nique for displaying the common chemical components fromtwo or more complete analyses of natural ground water(seeSection 3)on a single diagram.This category includes not onlytrilinear-shapeddiagramsbutalsothediamond-orparallelogram-,rectangular-,or square-shaped graphs that havetrilinear subdivisions.1.2 This guide is the first of several documents to informprofessionals in the field of hydrology with the traditionalgraphical methods available to display ground water chemistry.NOTE1Subsequent guides are planned that will describe the othercategories of diagrams that have been developed to display ground waterchemical analyses.(1)A guide for diagrams based on data analytical calculations willinclude those categories of water analysis graphs in which one analysis isplotted on each diagram(for example,the pattern,bar,radial,and circlediagrams).(2)A guide for statistical diagrams will include those categories ofwater analysis graphs in which multiple analyses are analyzed statisticallyand the results plotted on the diagram(for example,the box,etc.).1.3 Numerous methods have been developed to display theions dissolved in water on trilinear diagrams.These diagramsare valuable as a means of interpreting the physical andchemical mechanisms controlling the composition of water.1.4 The most commonly used trilinear methods were devel-oped by Hill(1-3),2Langelier and Ludwig(4),Piper(5,6),andDurov(7-13).These techniques are proven systems for inter-preting the origin of the ions in natural ground water and forfacilitating the comparison of results from a large number ofanalyses.NOTE2The use of trade names in this guide is for identificationpurposes only and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action.This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances.This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged,nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects.The word“Standard”in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2.Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 596 Practice for Reporting Results of Analysis of Water3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and ContainedFluids4D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water33.Terminology3.1 DefinitionsExcept as listed as follows,all definitionsare in accordance with Terminology D 653.3.1.1 anionan ion that moves or would move toward ananode;the term is thus nearly always synonymous withnegative ion.3.1.2 cationan ion that moves or would move toward acathode;the term is thus nearly always synonymous withpositive ion.3.1.3 equivalent per million(epm)for water chemistry,anequivalent weight unit expressed in English terms and alsoexpressed as milligram-equivalent per kilogram.When theconcentration of an ion,expressed in parts per million(ppm),is multiplied by the equivalent weight(combining weight)factor(see equivalent weight factor)of that ion,the result isexpressed in epm.3.1.3.1 Discussion(1)For a completely determined chemical analysis of a watersample,the total epm value of the cations will equal the totalepm value of the anions(chemically balanced).The plottedvalues on the water analysis diagrams described in this guidecan be expressed in percentages of the total epm(although all1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved August 15,1995.Published September 1995.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 11.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 04.08.1Copyright ASTM,100 Barr Harbor Drive,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959,United States.illustrations are in milliequivalent per litre)of the cations andanions of each water analysis.In order to use the diagrams,analyses must therefore be converted from ppm to epm bymultiplying each ion by its equivalen