Designation:D6842−02(Reapproved2007)StandardGuideforDesigningCost-EffectiveSamplingandMeasurementPlansbyUseofEstimatedUncertaintyandItsComponentsinWasteManagementDecision-Making1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD6842;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.1.Scope1.1Wastemanagementdecisionsgenerallyinvolveuncer-taintybecauseofthefactthatdecisionsarebasedontheuseofsampledata.Whenuncertaintycanbereducedorcontrolled,abetterdecisioncanbeachieved.Onewaytoreduceorcontroluncertaintyisthroughtheestimationandcontrolofthecomponentscontributingtotheoveralluncertainty(orvari-ance).Controlofthesizesofthesevariancecomponentsisanoptimizationprocess.Theoptimizationsresultscanbeusedtoeitherimproveanexistingsamplingandanalysisplan(ifitshouldbefoundtobeinadequatefordecision-makingpur-poses)ortooptimizeanewplanbydirectingresourcestowheretheoverallvariancecanbereducedthemost.1.2Estimationofthevariancecomponentsfromthetotalvariancestartswiththesamplingandmeasurementprocess.Theprocessinvolvestwodifferentkindsofuncertainties:randomandsystematic.Theformerisassociatedwithimpre-cisionofthedata,whilethelatterisassociatedwithbiasofthedata.Thisguidewilldiscussonlysourcesofuncertaintyofarandomnature.1.3Theremaybemanysourcesofuncertaintyinwastemanagementdecisions.However,thisguidedoesnotintendtoaddresstheissueofhowthesesourcesareidentified.Itistheresponsibilityofthestakeholdersandtheirtechnicalstafftoanalyzethesamplingandmeasurementprocessesinordertoidentifythepotentiallysignificantsourcesofuncertainty.Afteridentifyingthesesources,thisguidewillprovideguidanceonhowtocollectandanalyzedatatoobtainanestimateofthetotaluncertaintyanditscomponents.2.Terminology2.1analysisofvariance(ANOVA),n—astatisticalmethodofdecomposing(orbreakingdown)thetotalvarianceandestimatingortestingi...
