第一篇：《新闻英语与评析》笔记

《新闻英语与范文评析》理论题笔记

1.The Function of Headlines A: Five main functions.First, a headline summarizes a news story with the most important and attractive words.A reader usually doesn’t have time for every piece of news that’s printed.With the guidance of terse headlines, readers can quickly find the parts they want to read.Second, it sparkles the whole page.One can imagine how suffocative a newspaper could be if there were not a single headline and dozens of news stories just piled up.Third, it beautifies the form of edition.Headlines are good decoration to the page as they appear in various sizes and typefaces.Fourth, a headline sometimes is used to attract the readers’ attention.Fifth, a headline can be used to make some comment.2.Grammatical features of headlines First, there are omission of article, conjunction, pronoun, link verb and auxiliary verb.It is used to summarize and highlight the content.For example, “China sees housing as(an)engine to drive(the)economy.”

Second, present tense is used to show things that happened in the past.Three reasons: First, it saves space.In most cases past tense is longer in space than the present tense, with an “ed” in extra.So present tense can save some space for a headline.Secondly, present tense is active.It puts the reader into action and gives him a feeling of participation, so that it attracts readers’ attention.Thirdly, a present-tense emphasizes the timeliness of the news.It gives the reader a sense of freshness and immediacy, although he might well understand that a head in the present tense in today’s newspaper is presenting yesterday’s news.More:

First, use “be to do” instead of “will do” to present the future tense, and “be” is often omitted in order to save space.Second, use “be doing” to present things that are happening, and “be” is often omitted in order to save space.Thirdly, sometimes present tense can also present things that are happening or will happen, for example,”Labour plans BBC shake-up.”

Third, active voice is more often used.It is more colorful and appealing, more forward and powerful in transferring meaning than passive voice.The word ”be” or “by” are often omitted only use past participle to express passivity.Fourth, punctuations are used sometimes in headlines.English headlines are known for its terse structure, and punctuations are used in much rarer cases than in the text.Punctuations only appear in the head for two reasons.First, they are used to save space.For example, comma is used to substitute “and” only to save space.Secondly, they are used to show the relation between two groups of words.For example, a dash is used to connect a quotation and its attribution.3.Why sometimes in headlines, “and” ,“the” or “to be” are not omitted? A: They are not to be omitted in two occasions.One, when they are in set phrases, such as in the headline, “TB on the rise again”.Two, when they can fill up the space hole in a headline.For example, “Four killed and five hurt in a house fire.” 4.The language feature of headlines A: A headline is aiming at summarizing a whole article with a few words.So journalists make great effort in choosing the right words which are clear in meaning and economy in space.There are some preference for journalists and editors First, they use abundant of simple words.Some are teeny tiny little words that lively express some meaning.“Hit” or “ruin” are often used instead of “damage” Second, initials are often used to save space, like “WTO” or “ABM”

Thirdly, Abbreviations are used, which can be easily recognized by readers.Such as “ad” and ”biz” which can be easily found in the English newspaper.Fourthly, there is flexible use of journalistic coinages.To save time and space, journalists often combine two or more words into one word in practice and coinage then comes into being.They are very impressive and catchy, some even have the characteristic of originality, like “newscast.” 5.Different styles of the typefaces America/Canada: capitalize the first alphabet of every notional word.English: capitalize the first alphabet of the first word in a headline.Exceptional: New York Times: capitalize every alphabet to beautify the edition 6.Common styles for headlines A: flush-left head, dropline head/indented head, crossline/keyline, centered head, inverted pyramid head, banner head/streamer and jump head.7.Difference between Chinese headline and English head？ A：They are different in four ways.First, Chinese headlines usually provide more information than English heads.Chinese heads are often multi-deck, and English heads are often one-deck, thus Chinese headlines tend to focus on the totality of the news.And if it cannot include all the facts that is needed in the head, the subhead can do the job.Another reason it usually carries more info is that each Chinese character takes up equal space, while English words are not.As a result, Chinese heads tend to be like mini-story in capsule form, while English heads accentuate on one important factor of the news.The second difference is the difference in the use of words.Like in English heads, it’s a no-no to begin a head with a verb.But in Chinese headlines, it’s ok.There are abundant use of simple words which serve to save space in English heads, but you can need not to follow that rule for every Chinese character takes up equal space.For another example, people seldom use adjectives or adverbs in English heads following the principle of “ABC”(accuracy, brevity and clarity), but you can easily grasp a piece of Chinese news with adjectives or adverbs in the headline.Thirdly, they are different in tense.English heads often use present tense which had been called “historical present tense” to present yesterday’s news, and avoid time-indicating words like “yesterday’ or “last night”.But Chinese heads use them to indicate the happening time.The last difference should be in the word layout.You can never lay the English headlines in vertical form, but you can certainly do that in Chinese heads.People use single quotation mark in English headlines but double quotation mark in Chinese headline.8.News value determiners A: timeliness or freshness;Importance/consequence/impact/significance;Prominence;Proximity/locality/nearness Unusualness/bizarreness/oddity/novelty Human interest;Conflict 9.Hard news and soft news Hard news(spot news/straight news): Events that are timely and are covered almost automatically by print and electronic media.They are often very serious and important news.Soft news: Events that are usually not considered immediately important or timely to a wide audience.10.Genre of news reporting News Feature Commentaries and columns Interpretive reporting Investigative reporting New journalism Skit/essay Picture news/photojournalism 11.News structure Inverted pyramid style: it is the most frequently used structure in news writing.In this structure, events are written in descending order of importance.First of all, a terse lead is formed.The lead offers the most essential elements telling who, what, when, where, why and how of the story.Advantages: First, it is convenient for editors to decide the news value and cut the news from the bottom;Second, it is convenient for journalists to meet the deadline without missing any key facts;Third, it can help readers to find the main facts of the news quickly.Disadvantages: First, the main facts all frequently appear in the headline, lead and body, which would be suffocative to most readers;Second, the writing is not tightly organized and fully deployed, what’s more, the style is top heavy and lack of suspense interest.Pyramid style/the chronological style It is composed by three parts, they are beginning, body and ending.To write a piece of news in pyramid style, a beginning is given first and events are written in time sequence.Writers can take advantage of narrative and descriptive writing, so it flows better and involves readers.At the meantime, it adds suspense interest to the story.Mixed form of invented pyramid and pyramid style(Circle style)After a lead, events are written in time sequence.It has the advantages of pyramid style and important facts can be presented high in the story.The most important information is repeated in the narrative, so that readers can have a chance to absorb it.It is more effective storytelling and can keep readers interested until the end then leads up to a real conclusion.Comparing with the other styles, this form is more balanced.But it discourages editors slash the story from the bottom.List technique Wall Street journal formula: It tends to focus on inpidual.12.Forms of reporting Single event coverage/brief Roundups: it tends to focus on the totality and integrity.There are two types of this kind: horizontal roundups and vertical roundups.Follow-ups/ follow-up stories(second cycle stories/ development stories)Advantages: First, it attracts readers’ attention by accentuating on one important fact of the news;Second, it tends to fully deploy the news from different aspects, which can well make up for the contradiction in terms of freshness and integrity;Third, it helps to form the public opinion.Content: Facts that are not mentioned in previous stories or some background of events.The developments of the events;

Different opinions from people of all walks of life;

The prediction of the events;

Important facts that previously reported.In-depth reports: Including investigative reporting and interpretive reporting emphasize on WHY.13.Features of leads A: Succinct.A summary lead should outline a news story in no more than 35 words Informative.A summary lead should contain the 5Ws of news.Intriguing.Leads are sometimes called “grabbers”, which means it serves the duty to grab the readers’ attention.What’s more, leads should also be straightforward, varied, clear specific and active.That why English journalists struggle for the best wording and leave no stone unturned.14.Types of leads Summary lead/roundup lead Main fact lead Descriptive lead Direct address lead Quotation lead(full quotation lead/partial quotation lead)Suspense lead Delayed lead/multi-paragraph lead Contrast lead Question lead Anecdotal lead Combined lead/multiple element lead Label lead(empty lead)15.Famous presses AP（Associated Press）

UPI（United Press International）

AFP(L’Agence France Press)Reuters(The Reuter Ltd)Kyodo;Itar-Tass;ANSA;PTI（Press Trust of India）;DPA(德新);EFE（埃菲社,西班牙）16.placement of the dateline English: place, date, press name 中文: press name, place, date 17.Sources of news reporting Accurate news sources: with the name of organization, people or agency;Implied news sources: people who do not want to be told the name, or sources from nonsense people that readers do not have interest in, as used like “witness said”

Use fuzzy words to imply the sources such as “it is said” 18.Difference between feature and news.A: Three differences.First, their focus is not the same.News reporting provides all facts that are related.It tends to focus on inclusiveness and integrity of the news, while features only present the most characteristic and impressive episode of the story.A piece of news shows a panorama, but a feature gives an enlarged close-up.Secondly, their writing purpose is not exactly the same.News only tries to inform the readers, while features try harder to attract the reader’s attention with more detailed and descriptive writing.Thirdly, their composition structure is not always the same.News reporting for most cases adopts inverted pyramid form, but features follow no such rule.It can be very flexible in terms of structure.19.Types of features 1)News-oriented, interest-oriented

2)Profile;what-feature;locality feature/ travelogue;personal experience feature/ I-account(with immediacy, persuasiveness and vividness)20.Types of commentaries and columns Editorial,;commentary;column 21.Common topics of the commentaries and columns Important events;typical or hot topic;significant or big festival 22.Keynote/language feature of the commentaries and columns First, it should be accurate, succinct, and informative when summarizing stories.Second, there are abundant uses of formal words, long and difficult complex sentences.Third, tone should be impersonal, but the editorial “we” is used sometimes to establish a rapport between the editors and readers.23.Grammatical features of English news

Language of news stories should be fit for communication, so it is accurate, succinct and understandable.In addition, it has to meet the deadline and limited page space.So in practice, Journalistic English has its own features distinctive from other forms of language.Omission of “that” as a conjunction;Omission of “on” before date;

Use of split infinitive, in news stories, such phrase as “to illegally enter” is often met.Break of sequence of tenses, it is flexible to use the tenses if basic grammar principle has been kept.Use passive voice to give prominence to the object or to catch the attention of readers.Proper insert of backgrounds, it makes the news more understandable to readers and deepens the thesis of the news.There are contrast back-grounding, interpretative back-grounding and explanative back-grounding to be insert when necessary.Heavy use of attributes and they are often linked by hyphens.Use direct or indirect quotations to show maximum objectivity and to decrease the color of personal slant.Use dashes to insert parenthetical statement in order to give more background and show the opinions of people related, Use figure of speech in a flexible way, which makes the story more readable, vivid and attractive.The common figures are: alliteration, humor, contrast, exaggeration, witticism and so on.24.When use passive voice? First, when the receiver of the action is more important than the executor.For example, the casualty of a plane crash or a fire rage usually draws a lot of attention, passive voice is used in these cases.Secondly, passive voice is used to attract readers’ attention because the very beginning of the news draws more attention then the words hides deeper in the paragraph.25.Wording features Journalistic English is quite exclusive.It includes solemn statement of president, relaxed talk of common people and special jargons of various fields, but they have the same purpose¬——to transfer information and make sure that readers can understand them with least energy and time.Use specific names to indicate special things or meanings.For example, the palace “Kremlin” refers to “Russia”.Use loanwords to indicate new things or exotic things, French phrase “en mass” are often used to express the meaning “in general”.As in journalistic English, words of certain people often quoted, so there are various words used to express the meaning of saying, such as “allege”, “claim” and “argue” are often used.News words emerge in endless streams.New meaning may come from former words as “basket” can mean “a series of problem.” New words may come from new things such as “Euro” “petrodollar” and so on.Old words can be combines to form new words, such as “cybercafé” “compuword”, etc.Abundant vogue words can be seen in journalistic English, their special meanings come into being in a certain current and disappear afterwards.“Trauma” is one of such kind of words.Fuzzy terms can be used to add credibility to reporting as well as fit the reading habit of readers’, such as “green” “tall” and so on.Use the words vividly to put the readers into action or gives them a feeling of participation.26.Why sometimes reporter use fuzzy terms? A: 4 reasons.Sometimes reporters cannot find to the exact data, so he have to use fuzzy terms.This would make the reporting even more credible.As most readers only want to get a rough idea about what is happening, a report crammed with various detailed descriptions would be suffocative to most readers.Reporters sometimes don’t have the time to check every truth out before he have to dispatch the story to ensure timeliness of the news.What’s more, fuzzy terms can make the news much easier for readers.Fuzzy words have the advantage to enliven a writing, which accurate language(especially figures)might fall short of.27.Difference between newspaper lead and broadcasting lead.A: Three differences.First, most newspaper leads are summary leads, which include all the 5Ws of the news.But a broadcasting lead usually gives a rough summary with only a few important truths, because it would be easier for the listeners.Second, broadcasting lead should be shorter in length and simpler in structure to make sure that the news is easy for listeners.Thirdly, broadcasting leads usually adopt present tense or present perfect tense to emphasize timeliness and freshness of the news.But newspaper leads must use past tense when reporting things that happened.28.The features of broadcasting English Broadcasting news often use small words in order to make it understandable.Spoken language is used instead of written language, as “aim” is used instead of “purpose”.In order to make the broadcasting brief, simple sentence are always used.The broadcasting leads, in most cases, tends to focus on the most important factor of the news by using short and simple sentences.The present tense is often use to add timeliness, freshness and immediacy to the news.Approximate numbers are used instead of exact numbers, such as “roughly” “about” “just over” and so on.Quotations should be fit for listening so indirect and short quotations should be used instead of long and direct quotations.Quotation using should follow the rule that source attribution should be placed before the information considering the listening habit.29.Different quotation using between broadcasting news and newspaper news First, indirect and short quotations are often used to make the news fit for listening habit, but it can be very flexible in using quotations when writing a newspaper news.The second difference should be the difference in the placement of source attribution.In most case, source attributions follow the information in newspaper reporting, because what is said is more important than who said it, but it is different in broadcasting news, attribution should be placed before the information considering the listening habit.30.Difference between news reporting and news translating There are different audiences at home and abroad in culture, language, political system and life style.Readers’ interest should be carefully considered before translating Chinese news into English news.Communication effect is the most important aspect when translating Chinese news into English news.Make sure that foreign English reporting is not literally translated from Chinese news.The translation of Chinese news to English news should be accurate and understandable.Proper explanation can appear in the news if it is necessary.Try to pay attention to: One should offer necessary background in a flexible way.Focus should be placed on the most important factors of the news.Do not treat the background as the main fact of the news.Considering the readers’ attention/interest abroad do not mean that one can not report the news with accurate trait, our purpose of English news reporting is to show a real China to the world, so reporting with some kind of culture trait is necessary to some extent.31.Ways of using punctuations in the headline English headlines are known for its terse structure, and punctuations are used in much rarer cases than in the text.Punctuations only appear in the head for two reasons.First, they are used to save space.Second, they are used to show the relation between two groups of words.There are three ways of using punctuations.Using comma instead of “and”

A dash is used to connect a quotation and its attribution.Colon is used to substitute “be”, or instead of “say” to show the quotation.32.The disadvantages of the news just with objectivity only? First, it pays too much attention to the clarity without considering the readers’ comprehension ability.Second, it neglects the journalists’ initiative.So, reporters often use interpretative way of writing which will make up all those disadvantages.33.The features of Political News First, it has a distinctive political flavor.Second, political news has the priority of the first page, which shows the importance of the news.Third, it should be reported in a much more timely way.Fourth, the journalist who would report the political news should be ready-witted, and what’s more, every details of doing the report should be elaborately planed.34.How to write news about laws and ethics Stick to the principle of objectiveness and fairness Deal with each case on its merits of laws and ethics news of home and abroad.Know some professional knowledge in the fields of laws and ethics, and explaining them in an understandable way while doing some reporting.Add some example of cases in order to make the news more understandable.You can use quotations to add objectiveness and fairness or explain legalese in an understandable way.35.The features of financial news reporting First, it has a preference for short but strong words to lively express the story in a way of contrast in order to ad objectivity and credibility to the news.Besides using the word “increase”, words like “go up” “jump” are frequently used.Using abundant quantities of words like “dip” “drop” “fall” to express the meaning of “decrease”.Second, use various ways of expressing to show the trend of economic development.Thus, it perfectly combined the dull figures and the useful information in a more attractive way.Make full use of comparative degrees and superlative degrees to provide the info.Use adjectives and adverbs to show the development levels in a proper way.Third, explaining the dull figures in a much more flexible way which makes the dull numbers more understandable.Use small data instead of large data.Use ways of contrast or comparison.Explain in an understandable way or use various figures of speech.Use approximate numbers in a flexible.Forth, proper using of idioms in order to meet the deadline of reporting, 36.Qualifications of a good reporter As it given by the Christian Science Monitor, a good reporter should be self-operating, productive, caring, versatile, exemplary, authoritative, expansive, supportive, visionary, sensitive, considerate, confident, distinctive, intuitive, teachable, selfless, responsible, active, paced and fully impelled.More accurately, given reasonable intelligence, most of the attributes of a successful reporter are acquired not inherited.A good reporter should: Aside from desire and ability to write for print——he should have insatiable curiosity.A flexible and social personality A nature that relishes a variety of experiences A temperament to work under the pressure of deadline A tolerance permitting objective observations of people and events A successful reporter also needs ambition, drive, determination, and most certainly, self-discipline.Reporters need to know how to gather facts for a story as well as how to write in a clear, accurate, fair and coherent style, so that readers can immediately understand the story.Every reporter should be a voracious reader, a collector of information about everything that is going on.It is important for reporters to know as much about the complete operation of the newspaper as possible——not only its editorial policies, but its business, technical and mechanical pisions as well.Reporters must know the characteristics of journalism as it is practiced not only at his or her newspaper, but also in the profession in general.A reporter needs to understand the unique role of a newspaper in society.

第二篇：新闻采访与写作笔记

新闻采访与写作纲要

***名词解释***

1.新闻线索——也称采访线索、报道线索，是指为新闻采访报道提供有待证实、扩展和深化的讯息，给新闻记者提示新闻的所在，新闻采访的方向。

2.新闻与事实——新闻来自事实，由事实构成，是事实的记录和再现。事实第一性，新闻第二性，一个是源，一个是流，先有事实后有新闻，再者的关系不容分离，更不容颠倒。3.新闻采访——新闻采访是指记者和其他新闻工作者，为完成报道任务或了解某些情况，围绕采集新闻事实材料而进的一项特殊的调查究活动

4.第一手材料——记者不经过任何中转环节直接从他要报道的事实那里得来的材料，包括记者的直接观察和物证材料。第一手材料具有实证性、生动性和可读性的优点。

5.吃透两头——吃透“上头”是指认真学习、领会中央和地方党委的政策指示精神；吃透“下头”是指掌握丰富的实际情况。在采访实践中，既要吃透“上头”又要吃透“下头”，上情下达，下情上达。

6.“心入”与“身入”——就是采访既要形体深入，更要思想深入。所谓“身入”，就是要到新闻现场去，到群众中去；所谓“心入”，就是要深入到事物内部去，弄清事物的内部联系和外部联系，抓住事物的特点和本质，找出事物的规律性。7.新闻记者 ——通称记者，指的是新闻传播机构专职采访报道人员。同事泛指新闻工作者，包括总编辑、编辑、记者、播音员、通联工作人员等。

8.专业记者——专业记者是专门采访报道某一行业或某一战线的记者。专业记者的最大特点是“专”。他们在自己分工的那个方面掌握着较多的专业知识，并有一定的研究，有独到的见解。

9.特派记者——是新闻单位为某项重要的特别任务派遣的记者。特派记者的政治素质和业务能力往往要比一般记者高出一筹。

10.特约记者——是新闻单位为某项重要的采写任务约请外单位的同志来完成而给以的称号。特约记者采写的稿件一般比较重要，且有特色。11.新闻敏感——又称“新闻鼻”。指记者敏锐识别和准确判断客观事物所蕴含的新闻价值的能力，它是一种职业敏感，是一种顿悟性的思维活动，是记者政治水平、理论水平和业务能力的综合表现。

12.新闻宣传价值——所谓宣传价值，即新闻事实本身所包含的有利于传播者，并且能够体现传播者的主观意图（思想、观点、主张）的素质。包括一致性、典型性、针对性、时宜性这几个因素。

13.新闻选择——是指记者根据新闻价值、自身媒体的定位或版面（时段）需要对已发现的新闻进行取舍和安排。新闻选择有两个主要标准：一是新闻价值标准，；一个是新闻政策标准。只有新闻价值标准与新闻政策标准的和谐统一，才是新闻的最佳选择。

14.“耳目喉舌”——无产阶段的记者肩负着党的使命，其职责就是通过报道事实，当好党的“耳目喉舌”，也是人民的“耳目喉舌”。“耳目喉舌”主要指新闻记者的职责，即及时提供事实的报告，通过采访，尽快报道新近发生的重要事实。上情下达，下情上达，充分发挥记者作为“耳目喉舌”的作用。

15.新闻报道思想——是指新闻机构在一定时期内组织新闻报道的指导思想。它体现着新闻报道的方向和意图，表明报道的目的、内容、范围、重点和要求，是记者进行采访活动的依据和出发点。

16.新闻背景（材料）——是指新闻事实出现的缘由、环境和主客观条件。背景是一篇消息的有机组成部分，是补充、反衬或烘托新闻事实和新闻主题的重要材料。

17.访问——作为一种采访活动方式，是指记者同采访对象交谈，从中弄清事实真相及其来龙去脉，进而收集构成新闻的事实材料。记者必须学会并善于访问，否则绝对当不好记者。18.座谈会——又称调查会，是一种常见的集体访问形式，对于情况错综复杂、矛盾众多的问题，经过座谈会是各方面人士从不同角度、不同层次发表看法和意见，有利于把握全局，弄清事实真相。

19.开放式提问——是指提出比较概括、广泛、范围较大的问题，对回答的内容限制不严格，给对方以充分自由发挥的余地。这样的提问比较宽松，不唐突，也常得体。特点：常用于访谈的开头，可缩短双方心理、感情距离，但由于松散和自由，难以深挖。

20.闭合式提问——是指比较具体、明确、范围较窄的提问，要求对方回答只能限于提问的具体内容。特点：闭合式提问易突破，常用于深入追问或查证、核实，以及转换话题，也往往比较敏感，要注意提问的角度和口气。

21.目击式新闻——目击新闻，着重强调“目击”，具有很强的视觉感，即通过记者在现场亲眼目睹，及时报道新闻事件。

22.巡回采访——也叫游动采访或旅行采访，是记者按照预定设计好的线路对沿途与采访主题有关的情况进行的采访。它具有开阔记者眼界、使报道样式活泼等优点，适用于某些特殊的、重大题材的报道。

23.交叉采访——指记者证因工作需要，在一定时期内同时交叉采访两条或几条新闻。这种采访可以充分利用交通、通讯和资料等有利条件，防止漏发或迟发重大新闻，并可节省重复找人的时间。

24.报道角度——新闻角度，也称报道角度。它是记者在采写新闻时挖掘和表现新闻的着眼点或侧重点。

25.新闻要素——新闻要素指新闻事实的主要构成因素。一般包括：何时、何地、何事、何故、如何，简称“5W1H”。

26.消息——只报道事情的概貌而不讲述详细的经过和细节，以简要的语言文字迅速传播新近事实的新闻体裁，也是最广泛、最经常采用的新闻基本体裁。

27.通讯——也是一种常用的新闻体裁，是对新闻事件、人物和各种见闻的比较详尽而生动的报道。不仅交代什么事，而且交代事情的来龙去脉，以及情节、细节和有关环境气氛。28.新闻特写——截取新闻事实的横断面，即抓住富有典型意义的某个空间和时间，通过一个片断、一个场面、一个镜头、对事件或人物、景物做出形象化的报道的一种有现场感的生动活泼的新闻体裁。

29.新闻主题——新闻主题是指新闻报道的中心思想和基本观点，也就是记者对客观事实的看法、态度和通过事实的报道所表达的主观意图。主题在新闻中起主导作用，贯穿全文、支配写作，是新闻构思、选材、表达和运用语言的依据。

30.新闻选材——新闻选材是指挑选那些准备用于写作的新闻事实材料，包括选材和范围和选材过程两部分。新闻选材与新闻写作的关系极大，因为选材的过程，实质就是组成新闻从而报道新闻的过程，也就是由客观存在至社会传播的过程。

31.新闻结构——指的是新闻内容的组合与构造，也就是新闻作品的谋篇布局问题。其组成部分包括：层次和段落、过渡和照应、开头和结尾等基本成分。

32.新闻语言——通过新闻媒体，向受众传播（报道）最新发生的具有新闻价值的信息时所用的语言，叫新闻语言。它具有客观、确切、简练、朴实、通俗等特点。

33.新闻根据（由头）——又称新闻由头，指客观事实作为新闻传播的依据或契机，是一个事实所以成为新闻的根据。

34.事件性新闻——是指以某个独立的新闻事件为核心而展开的新闻报道，其事物变动的时态是突发性或跃进性的。事件性新闻包括大量动态消息、现场特写（新闻素描）等。因具体情况的不同，还可进一步分为突发性事件和可预见性事件

35.非事件性新闻——是指与事件性新闻相区别的新闻报道，即对一段时间或若干空间进而发生的情况、经验或问题等概貌性或阶段性的反映，其时态往往是渐进性的。非事件性新闻包括典型报道、深度报道、经验性消息、述评性消息等等。

36.视觉新闻 ——即特写式消息，运用形象化的手法来表现事物，取得视觉效果的新闻。它立脚点先具有消息的特征，其次又运用特写的表现手法，最突出的特点是现场感强，使读者如临其境、如见其人、如闻其声，克服枯燥和概念化。

37.一事一报 ——指一篇消息通常只报道一个有意义的新闻事件，或事物发展的某一侧面。主题集中而鲜明，表述直接而朴实，往往直叙其事，用事实说话，语言简洁明了，篇幅短小。38.电头——指电讯稿件播发的新闻单位、地点、时间的说明，也有只说明新闻单位和时间。用电发往外地称“电”，稿件发给当地的称“讯”。39.动态消息——也称“纯新闻”，是最常见的消息类型。它迅速及时地报道国内外正在发生或新近发生的新闻事实，是反映新事物、新情况、新动向的主要的消息体裁。

40.倒金字塔结构——也称“倒三角”结构，是消息写作中最常用的一种结构方式。它以事实的重要性程度或受众关心程度依次递减的次序，先主后次地安排消息中各项事实内容，犹如倒置的金字塔或倒置的三角形，因而得名。它多用于事实性新闻.41.新闻导语——是就以简要的文句，突出最重要、最新鲜或最富有个性特点的事实，提示新闻要旨，吸引读者阅读全文的消息的开头部分。

42.直接性导语——是一种最常用的导语形式，即导语中开门见山、简明扼要地突出表现最新鲜、最重要的事实，或最有个性特色、最具有新闻价值的内容。它适用于时效性较强的事件性新闻。直接性导语又可以分为叙述式、总结式和评述式等。

43.间接性导语——又称延缓性导语，是相对于直接性导语的种常用的导语形式，即导语中曲径通幽，引人入胜，间接体现新闻主题，迂回舒展地引出新闻的核心事实或新闻要旨。可分为描写式、引用式、对比式、设问式等

44.隐性采访——也称秘密采访或暗访，指新闻记者由于某种原因而不公开身份的采访。它是与显性采访相对而言。这种采访的优点是不会因为记者的采访而改变采访对象活动的原貌。

45.采访札记——是记者将采访中所见、所闻、所感摘要记录下来，加以公开报道的一种新闻边缘体裁。其题材范围较小，着眼点在于交流信息，推动工作。主要作用有：阐明新情况、新问题、以及匡正视听、明辨事非和提醒注意等。

46.解释性报道——又称解释性新闻、分析性报道。侧重于说明新闻事实的来龙去脉，阐述事实发生的原因、结果以及相关事物之间的联系。

47.新闻线索——新闻线索不等于新闻事实，它只是为新闻采访报道担供有待证实、扩展和深化的讯息，给新闻记者提示新闻的所在，新闻采访的方向。

48.视觉新闻——即特写式消息，运用形象化的手法来表现事物，取得视觉效果的新闻。它立脚点先具有消息的特征，其次又运用特写的表现手法，最突出的特点是现场感强，使读者如临其境、如见其人、如闻其声，克服枯燥和概念化。

49.报道思想——是新闻构和记者在一定时期内组织和采写新闻报道的指导思想，包括报道内容、范围、重点和具体要求，是记者旱灾采访活动的依据和出发点。吃透上下两头，眼观四面八方，是确定正确报道思想的根本途径。

50.新闻价值——事实本身含有的能够引起受众注意的客观价值的总和。

51.宣传价值——新闻事实本身所包含的有利于传播者，并且能够体现传播者的主观意图（思想、观点、主张）的素质。新闻的宣传价值有一致性、典型性、针对性、时宜性四个因素。

二。问答题

一.新闻与事实的关系

新闻来自事实，由事实构成，是事实的记录和再现。事实第一性，新闻第二性，一个是源，一个是流，先有事实后有新闻，再者的关系不容分离，更不容颠倒。二.新闻采访与新闻写作的关系

从本质而言，新闻采访决定新闻写作，具体表现在：

1.只有认识事实，才能反映事实，而对客观事实的认识，尽管可在贯穿整个采访写作过程，但是，认识事实的任务基本上在采访阶段完成；

2.抓新闻就是抓事实，写新闻就是写事实，新闻写作有赖于对事实的采访； 3.采访的深度和广度，直接关系到写作的深度和广度；

4.内容决定形式，形式服从内容。新闻写作的基础在于采访，采访决定新闻写作，这是人们对客观事实认识的规律，也是新闻采写经验的总结。

5.在事实成为新闻的转化过程中，新闻写作是一个必经阶段和一种不可缺少的手段，采访活动也要受写作的制约和检验，新闻的写作对于采访有能动作用。

总之，按照唯物主义的辩证观点，采访是写作的前提和基础，写作是采访的表现和结果，既要深入采访，又要讲究写作，二者不可偏废。但从采访写作关系的实质来看，应该说是采访决定写作。

三、采访的目的、任务与作用： 采访的目的就在于获得新闻；

采访的任务：主要是发现、了解和选择新闻，并掌握足以构成新闻的各种事实材料 采访的作用有：1.发现和落实线索 2.获取第一手材料 3.增加感性认识 4.核对新闻事实

四、记者需要掌握的新闻事实材料包括哪些？

一般包括：1.全面情况 2.主要事实 3.有关背景 4.典型事例和细节

五、采访的指导思想： 我们的采访活动，必须坚持以马克思主义的认识论作为根本的指导思想，以辩证唯物主义观点和历史唯物主义观点来观察分析问题。具体来说有以下4个方面： 1.坚持唯物主义的反映论 2.讲究唯物辩证法 3.要有历史发展观点 4.突出人民群众的作用 由上面四项引申的问题： * 如何坚持唯物主义反映论？

一是要真正处理好新闻与事实的关系 二是要有实事求是的勇气 三是要遵纪守法坚持原则 * 怎样讲究唯物辩证法？ 1.正确地选择事实

2.用唯物辩证法的观点观察、分析事物 3.注意事物的相互联系 * 怎样有历史的发展观点？ 1.要作发展的眼光看待客观事物；

2.要善于从事物发展中捕捉其特点和新意；

3.要了解事物发展的历史与现状及其趋势，发掘事物深刻的内蕴 * 在突出人民群众的作用是，要正确外好几方面的关系： 1.人民群众和领导个人活动的关系 2.先进人物和群众作用的关系

3.领导机关活动与人民群众实践的关系

六、采访的原则：

记者采访活动要遵循的基本原则，就是无产阶段党性原则。在党性原则的指导下，具体的说，要坚持以下几个采访原则：

1.实事求是 2.依靠领导 3.执行政策 4.内外有别

七、采访的工作路线：

记者采访工作路线，概括地说，就是深入实际，深入群众。

八、如何把新闻写短？

a.直截了当，开门见山陈述事实 b.空话少说 c.一事一报

d.语言准确、洗练 e.善于删改

九、消息的概念和特点

消息——只报道事情的概貌而不讲述详细的经过和细节，以简要的语言文字迅速传播新近事实的新闻体裁，也是最广泛、最经常采用的新闻基本体裁。消息的特点：

a.篇幅较短，内容简明扼要，文字干净利落； b.常有一段导语，开门见山，吸引读者； c.通常一事一报，讲究用事实说话； d.更注重时效，报道快速及时； e.基本表达方法是叙述

十、通讯的概念和特点

通讯——也是一种常用的新闻体裁，是对新闻事件、人物和各种见闻的比较详尽而生动的报道。不及交代什么事，而且交代事情的来龙去脉，以及情节、细节和有关环境气氛。通讯的特点：

a.容量大，范围广，取材全面；

b.讲究结构变化，展开情切，情景交融；

c.表现手法多样，结合叙述，兼以描写、说明、抒情或议论，富有感情色彩或理论色彩； d.比消息的篇幅长，时效性要求较宽松 特写的概念和特点：

新闻特写——截取新闻事实的横断面，即抓住富有典型意义的某个空间和时间，通过一个片断、一个场面、一个镜头、对事件或人物、景物做出形象化的报道的一种有现场感的生动活泼的新闻体裁。

十一、特写的特点：

a.内容集中在一点，着力于细节描写；

b.现场感强烈，注重记者的直观反映；c.有较强烈的文学色彩，形象化的刻画人物或事物

十二、新闻主题的概念、标准、提炼方法： * 概念：

新闻主题——是指新闻报道的中心思想和基本观点，也就是记者对客观事实的看法、态度和通过事实的报道所表达的主观意图。主题在新闻起主导作用，贯穿全文、支配写作，是新闻构思、选材、表达和运用语言的依据。* 确定一个好的新闻主题有以下标准： 1.主题要真实而有意义 2.主题要正确，并有针对性 3.主题要集中、鲜明、深刻 * 主题的提炼方法： 1.从认识事实入手 2.在比较中鉴别 3.上头下头结合 4.选好主题角度

* 关于主题的具体问题

1)在确定主题的标准中，要正确并有针对性，其中针对性的依据是： A.党的政策 B.当前形势 C.客观实际

2)在主题的提炼方法中，第一条是从认识事实入手，其中认识事实的制约因素有： A.事物的多层次，多侧面 B.本质展示的渐进性，阶段性

C.主体的实践水平，认识水平的制约 3)选取角度的方法：

A.从说明或回答政策这一角度提炼主题； B.从人们普遍关切的角度提炼主题；

C.从提倡基本种时代精神或风尚角度提炼主题

十三、新闻选材的概念、原则及要求：

* 新闻选材——是指挑选那些准备用于写作的新闻事实材料，包括选材和范围和选材过程两部分。

* 新闻选材的原则： 一要围绕主题，说明主题 二要区别主次，反映实质 三要以一当十，以少胜多 * 新闻选材的要求：

新闻选材总的要求是最大限度的体现新闻的价值，具体有： 1.选新鲜生动的材料

2.选有积极作用的材料包括选有积极作用的材料要注意三方面的动向：政治动向、思想动向、经济动向

3.选独具特色的材料 4.选别人没有用过的材料

十四、新闻语言的概念、构成因素、特色

? 新闻语言——通过新闻媒体，向受众传播（报道）最新发生的具有新闻价值的住处时所用的语言，叫新闻语言。它具有客观、确切、简练、朴实、通俗等特点。

* 构成因素：新闻语言以事务语言诉精练、准确、严谨部分为基础，又从文学语言和评论语言中适当撷取富有感情和哲理的成分，特别是从既通俗又生动的群众语言中吸取营养。* 新闻语言的特色：

客观、确切、简练、朴实、通俗

十五、如何做到客观？ 1.中性词多于褒贬词

2.修饰语的限制性多于形容性 3.句子的陈述口气多于感叹口气

十六、如何做到简练呢？

1.要深刻认识事物本质，概括出一个鲜明的主旨，这是语言简练的基本环节；

2.要说短话，写短句。不用过剩的抒情句，不用过多的形容词，不用不恰当的比喻和警句； 3.在结构上，要强调简捷直叙，少曲折迂回，尤其忌讳语言杂质，不要让复杂的结构和修辞手段、表情语言淹没事实。

十七、白描手法

用简练的笔法直接勾勒事物最主要的特征的一种表现手法

十八、新闻敏感的概念、作用、表现及培养 新闻敏感——又称“新闻鼻”。指记者敏锐识别和准确判断客观事物所蕴含的新闻价值的能力，它是一种职业敏感，是一种顿悟性的思维活动，是记者政治水平、理论水平和业务能力的综合表现。

* 记者的新闻敏感表现在以下四种判断能力：

1.判断某个事实能否引起受众兴趣的能力，也就是发现新闻价值的能力

2.判断同一新闻事件的许多事实中，哪个最重要，哪个次重要的能力，也就是会分析材料，取舍内容的能力

3.判断某个线索是否可能导致重大新闻发现的能力

4.判断在已发表的新闻中，哪些同记者收集到的情况有关，从而发现更重要的新闻的能力 * 新闻敏感的作用是：

1.可以见微知著，迅速抓住新闻线索，进而发现有价值的新闻； 2.据以挖掘新闻素材，并从中鉴别最有传播价值的事实； 3.有利于选取最佳的报道角度 4.能够预见新闻后面的新闻。* 如何培训新闻敏感？ 1.提高政治上的敏感性 2.要懂得新闻价值 3.接触实际，注重实践 4.勤于思考和积累知识

十九、新闻线索的概念、作用、特点和来源

* 新闻线索——也称采访线索、报道线索，是指为新闻采访报道提供有待证实、扩展和深化的讯息，给新闻记者提示新闻的所在，新闻采访的方向。

二十、新闻线索的作用表现在： 1.线索能够触发记者的新闻敏感 2.线索可以指明采访的去向 3.线索的价值可以决定报道质量

* 新闻线索具有比较简略、可信性有待证实、大多反映现象等特点。* 新闻线索的来源：

1.直接来源：到实际中去，到群众中去，这是获取新闻线索的根本途径 2.间接来源：上级渠道，书面渠道，社交渠道，会议渠道，传播渠道 新闻选择的标准和运用 * 新闻选择的主要标准：

1.新闻价值标准：新鲜性、重要性、显著性、接近性（地理/职业/年龄/心理上的接近）、趣味性

2.新闻的政策标准：A.政治标准 B.新闻宣传思想 C.新闻机构自身的编辑方针 * 新闻选择标准的运用：

1.要综合衡量新闻价值要素（新鲜、重要、显著、趣味）2.要全面权衡新闻政策标准

3.要正确处理新闻价值与新闻政策的关系 * 怎样处理新闻价值与新闻政策的关系？

1.某个新近发生的事实，能不能成为新闻，一要看它是否具有新闻价值，二看它是否符合新闻政策。通过新闻媒介公开传播的新闻，新闻价值与新闻政策必须兼备，缺一不可

2.新闻价值与新闻政策的关系，既是互相依存的，又是彼此制约的。新闻报道的根本目的是为了促进社会生产力的发展，推动社会的进步；而新闻价值的根本作用则为了保证新闻报道的社会效益。从总体来说，我们的新闻政策与新闻价值观念是基本一致的，新闻政策有利于新闻价值的实现。

3.新闻政策与新闻价值也有不一致的情况，就是某个事实具有新闻价值，但不符合新闻政策，这种情况，新闻价值就必须服从新闻政策。

4.在实际工作中，要反对两种倾向：一是只看到新闻价值，不考虑新闻政策；二是只强调新闻政策，不讲究新闻价值。

二十一、新闻记者的概念、分类、职责、任务、素质和修养

* 新闻记者——通称记者，指的是新闻传播机构专职采访报道人员。同事泛指新闻工作者，包括总编辑、编辑、记者、播音员、通联工作人员等。* 记者的分类：

根据专业技术职称可分为高级记者、主任记者、记者、助理记者 根据报道手段可分为文字记者、摄影记者、广播记者、电视记者

新闻单位，按记者的活动范围和业务分工可分为：专业记者、地方记者、机动记者、特派记者、驻外记者等 * 记者的职责：

新闻记者的职责，最根本的就是及时提供事实的报告，即通过采访，尽快报道新近发生的重要事实。我们无产阶级记者肩负着党的使命，其职责就是通过报道事实，当好党的耳目、喉舌，当然也是人民的耳目、喉舌。* 记者的任务：

新闻记者的日常工作任务主要有三大项：

1.及时采写新闻

2.反映内部情况

3.做好群众工作 二

十二、关于记者的任务引申的问题： 1)在我国，新闻报道的作用主要是： A.传递信息，沟通情况 B.宣传政策，指导工作 C.宣传典型，表彰先进 D.传播知识，开阔视野

2)记者怎样反映内部情况这一任务？ A.要有正确的目的 B.要有坚持真理的精神 C.要实事求是

3)记者要经常和读者联系，特别要做好的三个环节工作是： A.接待群众来访，处理群众来信 B.做好通讯员和作者积极分子工作 C.组织受众评议，掌握反馈意见 二

十三、记者的素质：

政治素质、业务素质、心理素质、身体素质 二

十四、由记者的素质引申的问题

1)提高我们记者的政治素质，必须努力做到以下几点：

A.在思想上、政治上有党中央保持一致，坚持社会主义方向。记者讲政治最重要最根本的坚持社会主义方向。

B.正确的宣传党的纲领、路线、方针、政策 C.加强群众观点，贯彻群众路线 D.重视政治理论的学习2)记者的心理素质包括：

好奇心理、竞争意识、冒险精神、坚强意志 * 记者的修养：

知识修养、作风修养、职业道德修养

1)当前，记者的职业道德修养，特别要注意的几点问题： A.重事实，讲真话，主持正义，坚持真理 B.报道内容健康，有益社会进步

C.讲究文德，反对以稿谋私。记者有自觉抵制拜金主义、享乐主义、个人主义思想侵蚀，坚决反对“有偿新闻” D.处理好与同行的关系

二十七、采访的准备、方法及深化 * 采访准备的实践意义：

1.做好准备，是接近采访对象的第一步；

2.做好准备，能尽快拉近与采访对象的感情距离； 3.做好准备，会使记者成为一个采访的快手；

4.做好准备，将增强记者的新闻敏感，更好地发现和抓住新闻； 5.做好准备，有助于开拓采访的深度和广度。

* 采访的准备工作分为两种，即平时准备和临时准备平时准备：

1.学习理论政策，认清当前形势 2.了解全局情况，掌握社会动向 3.多方面增长知识，扩大采访视野 4.广泛积累资料，适应工作需要 * 关于平时准备的具体问题： 1)了解情况和掌握动向的重点

A.一是各行各业贯彻招待党和政府的方针政策的情况； B.二是干部和群众在一个时期的思想活动

C.三是实际工作是的成就、经验、矛盾和主攻方向 D.四是各条战线涌现出来的典型，冒尖的人和事 2)积累知识的主要途径是： A.一要读书看报，广采博取； B.二要结合工作，重点攻关； C.注重社会实践，无字“天书”，不可忽视 3)资料积累的分类：

思想积累、情况积累、信息源的积累、业务资料的积累、知识性资料的积累 临时准备：

1.明确报道思想

2.选择、了解采访对象 选择什么样的采访对象? A.选择最熟悉情况的人 B.选择多层次多方面的人物

C.选择不同意见的采访对象

D.对同一类型的采访对象要选择典型 二

十八、提问的方法与技艺

1.问法要多样，开放式闭合式问题要结合使用 2.抓住疑问点 3.尽量具体

4.提倡讨论式，赢造双方交流的气氛 二

十九、提问的分类： 1.开放式提问

——是指提出比较概括、广泛、范围较大的问题，对回答的内容限制不严格，给对方以充分自由发挥的余地。这样的提问比较宽松，不唐突，也常得体。特点：常用于访谈的开头，可缩短双方心理、感情距离，但由于松散和自由，难以深挖。2.闭合式提问

——是指比较具体、明确、范围较窄的提问，要求对方回答只能限于提问的具体内容。特点：闭合式提问易突破，常用于深入追问或查证、核实，以及转换话题，也往往比较敏感，要注意提问的角度和口气。三

十、访问的要领

1.因人而异，灵活对待 2.把握重点，启发诱导 3.沟通思想，见机行事 4.少讲多听，广采博纳 5.求同存异，心理共鸣 三

十一、记录的一般要求：

A.记要点 B.记易忘点 C.记疑点 D.记有关原话 E.记典型情景 三

十二、记者核实访问记录材料的方法有： 1.向提供材料的本人核实 2.溯本求源，寻求物证 3.多方证实与逻辑判断 4.技术检验

三

十三、现场观察的作用： 1.辨别真伪，收集素材 2.印象深刻，生动再现 3.获得亲知，深化认识 4.触景生情，寄情于文 5.见多实广，有利积累

三

十四、现场采访中的瞬间印象主要包括什么？ 1.变动着的事件细节 2.突发事件的重大疑窦 3.环境气氛与情景

4.现场活动及人们的表情、动作、语言、神态等 三

十五、什么情况下采用隐性采访？

1.把隐性采访作为记者日常观察、发解情况的辅助手段 2.某些批评、揭露性的报道可使用隐性采访 3.某些表扬性的稿件也适合用隐性采访 三

十六、怎样找特点？ A.认清形势找特点 B.通过比较找特点 C.具体分析找特点

三

十七、抓什么样的问题？ A.抓实际工作中急待解决的问题 B.抓社会公众关心的问题 C.抓带有倾向性的问题

D.抓事物发展中出现的新问题

三

十八、采访中“结合艺术”理解： 结合本身是一种艺术，包括：

1.上下结合：将上级精神与实际情况相结合

2.点面结合：个别和一般、特殊和普遍、局部和整体的结合

3.横结合：纵的认识：对事物历史与发展的完整了解；横的认识：对一事物与他事物有机联系的了解

4.正反结合：相反的两个个别事实之间的联系 三

十九、消息的特点：

1.篇幅较短，内容简明扼要，文字干净利落； 2.常有一段导语，开门见山，吸引读者； 3.通常一事一报，讲究用事实说话； 4.更注重时效，报道快速及时； 5.基本表达方法是叙述

四

十、消息的结构方式常用的有倒金字塔、金字塔、散文式三种 四

十一、消息的分类：

A.按事实性质分为：事件性新闻和非事件性新闻

B.按报道内容分为：经济新闻、社会新闻、人物新闻和政治新闻等 C.按写作特点分为：特写式消息、目击新闻、解释性报道和背景报道 D.按篇幅长短分为：简讯、一句话新闻和标题新闻 E.其他样式的分类，有公报式消息、答记者问

F.西方新闻界对消息的分类：硬新闻、软新闻、纯新闻

G.按不同的写作形式、写作特点，把消息分为四大类：动态消息、经验性消息、综合消息、和述评性消息 四

十二、动态消息的概念和特点： 动态消息——也称“纯新闻”，是最常见的消息类型。它迅速及时地报道国内外正在发生或新近发生的新闻事实，是反映新事物、新情况、新动向的主要的消息体裁。它有两种不同情形：一种是对刚刚发生的或新近发生的单独事件的报道；另一种是对在较长的一段时间内具有一定持续性变动事件的报道。特点是：

A.能给人以动态感，强调反映事物的最新动态； B.讲究“时间”要素，特别注重时效； C.短小精悍，一事一报。

四

十三、经验性消息的概念及经验的选择：

经验性消息——是反映某地区或某单位在执行党和国家的路线、方针、政策中，所取得的典型经验、成功做法及其显著效果的一种新闻体裁。它是典型报道的一种，用以推动全局，指导工作。

经验性消息中经验的选择： 1.首先应当具有新闻性

2.要选取新鲜的、富有特点的经验

3.要先取针对性强、能解决当前突出的实际问题的经验

4.要选取具有启边和指导作用的、具有普遍意义的、经过实践检验的比较成熟的典型经验 5.不用面面俱到，抓住最主要的经验

四

十四、综合消息的概念、特点及写作要求：

* 综合消息——围绕一个主题思想、从不同侧面概括反映某个事件、问题的全局性情况，或综合报道不同地区、单位具有同类性质又各有特点的多件新闻事实的一种新闻体裁。

* 综合消息的特点：1.不受空间的限制 2.由多地、多件新闻事实组成 3.从不同侧面表现共同主题 4.报道面广，声势大的。

* 综合消息的两种情形：1.横断面综合反映动态、情况 2.纵深度综合反映成就、经验或问题 * 写作要求：1.善于分析概括 2.既有广度，又有深度 3.灵活运用多种表现手法。四

十五、述评性消息的概念及写作特点

* 述评性消息——也叫新闻述评，是一种以述为主，边述边评、夹叙夹议的新闻体裁。* 述评性消息的类型：形势述评、工作述评、思想述评 * 述评性消息的基本特点：

A.以报道事实为主，以评述事实为目的 B.述评结合，夹叙夹议 C.针对性强，富有思想性

* 述评性消息写作的基本要求： A.述与评要事理交融

B.议论要精辟，观点要正确、深刻 C.述评要自然亲切

四

十六、消息的写作要领： 1.更加注重时效性

2.运用客观笔法，用事实说话 3.善于概括和直叙 4.增加信息量

* 注重时效的表现：

A．讲求时效 B.以短、快取胜 C.体现新闻根据 D.要讲究时效，又合乎时宜 * 消息写作为什么要十分强调讲求时效？ 1)时效性是消息的基本特征之一

2)讲求时效，才能给受众留下难忘的“第一印象”

3)讲求时效，才能在日益激烈的新闻竞争中立于不败之地 4)讲求时效，如今愈发具有现实意义 * 如何以短、快还应时效？ 1)一事一报，以短求时效 2)采用连续报道，体现时效性 3)快中求好，又快又好

四

十七、倒金字塔结构的概念和特点

倒金字塔结构——也称“倒三角”结构，是消息写作中最常用的一种结构方式。它以事实的重要性程度或受众关心程度依次递减的次序，先主后次地安排消息中各项事实内容，犹如倒置的金字塔或倒置的三角形，因而得名。它多用于事件性新闻。它的主要优点： 1.最能体现新闻性 2.开门见山，概括性强

3.切合读者心理，并能引起其“新闻欲” 4.便于编辑处理稿件和制作标题 5.便于记者增加新的重要事实材料。缺点：

1.过于标准化，程式化，而缺乏多样性 2.略输文采，有“虎头蛇尾”之嫌

3.比较容易出现消息的标题、导语、主体“三重复”现象 四

十八、金字塔结构的概念和特点： 金字塔结构——是按新闻事实发和始末，即依时间顺序安排材料的一种消息结构形式。事实的开始和结束，就是新闻的开头和结尾。它适用二前后时间跨度比较小或者有比较完整、曲折的情节或生动细节的新闻事件，多用于非事件性新闻。优点：

1.行文构思比较方便

2.可以保持新闻事实比较完整的故事性 3.容易清楚地反映新闻事件原委始末的脉络

缺点：篇幅长容易显得平铺直叙；从头说起，容易显平淡或缺乏新鲜感 四

十九、导语的概念、功能、重要性：

* 导语——是就以简要的文句，突出最重要、最新鲜或最富有个性特点的事实，提示新闻要旨，吸引读者阅读全文的消息的开头部分。* 导语的两重任务：一是千方百计把重要的新闻事前主其意义表现出来；二是想方设法吸引启发读者来阅读消息全文。* 导语的重要性表现在：

1.导语可以使读者从无意注意到有意注意

2.导语的优劣对编辑决定稿件的取舍和确定其编排地位很有影响，甚至起决定性作用 3.导语写作颇能体现记者的才华和功力

4.导语为整篇消息定下基调，关系着下文如何顺利地展开 5.一篇消息只有一条导语，而它是最优化的方案 6.新闻的实践表明了导语的重要性 * 导语的制作总则

1.研究人们最感兴趣的是什么，最需要告诉人们的又是什么，把二者和谐的统一起来 2.从新闻内容中选择最重要点

3.应有新闻事实，但要避免与主体内容重复 4.交代消息的来源和新闻根据，给人以可信感 5.文字精，表达巧，凝练、醒目、明快 五

十、在什么情况下用到结尾？

1.只有当结尾能够加深读者对新闻的感觉和理解； 2.能够深化新闻的主题、增强新闻报道的社会效果； 3.能够恰当地“旁人它事”、增加消息的信息量；

4.或者是为“后续报道”作伏笔的情况下，消息才有必要写结尾，并尽力写好它。* 常见的结尾写法分类：小结式、评论式、号召式、伏笔式 五

十一、背景的概念、分类和作用

* 新闻背景——是指新闻事实出现的缘由、环境和主客观条件。背景是一篇消息的有机组成部分，是补充、反衬或烘托新闻事实和新闻主题的重要材料。

* 新闻背景的分类：历史背景、地理背景、人物背景、事物背景、知识背景、社会背景 * 背景的功能：

1.构成显现新闻事实的新闻价值

2.说明新闻事实发生的来龙去脉，前因后果 3.分析新闻现象与本质、局部与全局等关系 4.对比映衬新闻事实和主题思想 5.巧妙地表明记者的观