第一篇：山东省委党校2018在职研究生入学考试复习题范文

《政治理论》复习参考题型

一、概念 1.按劳分配 2.独立自主

3.供给侧结构性改革 4.和平共处五项原则 5.基本经济制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品

8.社会主义初级阶段

9.社会主义初级阶段的基本路线 10.社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾 11.生态文明 12.实事求是 13.市场机制三要素 14.物质 15.一国两制

16.战时共产主义政策 17.政策

18.中国特色社会主义道路的内涵 19.五大发展理念 20.经济发展方式

二、辨析

1.按劳分配是与社会主义生产资料公有制相适应的分配方式

2.对立统一规律是辩证法的实质和核心 3.改革开放前后的历史不能相互否定 4.改革开放前后两个历史时期是根本对立的

5.工人阶级已经不是建设中国特色社会主义的主力军 6.供给侧结构性改革就是放松管制

7.加强和改进党的作风建设，核心问题是保持党同人民群众的血肉联系

8.经济工作是一切工作的生命线 9.商品交换会产生剩余价值

10.商品生产从产生到资本主义时期，经历了简单商品生产、资本主义商品生产。

11.社会主义经济制度的所有制基础是公有制 12.剩余价值的生产不具有无限性 13.围绕党的中心任务进行思想政治工作

14.我国社会主要矛盾的变化，改变了我们对我国社会主义所处历史阶段的判断。

15.先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证 16.一个国家的革命和建设只能依靠本国人民的力量 17.中国共产党是中国革命和社会主义事业的领导核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不变的

19.中国共产党的领导地位是由党的先进性决定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命线

三、简答

1.辩证唯物主义认识论的三个基本结论 2.帝国主义的经济特征

3.加强党的执政能力建设的总体目标 4.价值规律的作用

5.简述和平共处五项原则的主要内容 6.简述列宁关于建设社会主义的理论思考 7.简述列宁主义的建党学说 8.简述新经济政策的主要内容

9.简述中国特色社会主义理论体系的基本问题 10.建设中国特色社会主义的总依据 11.劳动力商品价值的内容

12.毛泽东对思想政治工作重要性的阐述 13.毛泽东思想的活的灵魂

14.全面建成小康社会必须遵循的原则和新目标 15.全面建成小康社会的战略目标

16.全面推进依法治国必须遵循的基本原则 17.全面推进依法治国的总目标 18.如何规范收入分配关系

19.如何坚定中国特色社会主义的道路自信 20.深化政治体制改革的必要性 21.新民主主义革命“新”在何处 22.运用唯物辩证法应当注意的原则 23.资本的特殊性质

四、论述

1.“五位一体”总布局的内涵和特点

2.全面深化改革的总目标、立足点和战略部署 3.如何提高党的建设科学化水平 4.社会主义的历史必然性

5.实现党的领导核心地位必须坚持党要管党、从严治党的方针

6.试述坚持和拓宽中国特色社会主义道路必须坚持的原则

7.试述新形势下加强和规范党内政治生活的基本内容 8.试述中国特色社会主义制度的特点和优势

《现代管理学》复习参考题型

一、概念 1.法律监督 2.风险型决策 3.管理

4.管理的经济方法 5.管理的系统观念 6.管理的循环规律 7.管理共有规律 8.管理计划 9.管理技巧性规律 10.管理客体 11.管理派生规律 12.管理艺术 13.管理主体 14.广义的管理决策 15.行政监督 16.计划的效率性 17.经济监督 18.评价 19.确定型决策

20.现代管理技术 21.指导性计划 22.指令性计划

二、辨析

1.按照管理者的位置和层次，可以把管理者分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。

2.按照管理者的职责，可以把管理者分为一般管理者和管理中的领导者。

3.按照管理者所管理的对象，可以把管理者分为行政管理者、经济管理者、科技管理者、文教卫生管理者等。4.把直线制和矩阵制有机结合起来是直线职能制组织形式最大的特点。

5.高级管理者需要管理艺术，而一般管理者不需要管理艺术。

6.管理的二重性是指管理具有经济属性和社会属性 7.管理的社会属性是指任何管理都是社会劳动或共同劳动的客观要求，都要按社会劳动或社会化大生产的客观规律办事。

8.管理的自然属性是指管理都是在一定的社会制度和国家体制下进行的，都会打上一定的社会和阶级烙印。9.管理决策需要面对各种复杂的情况，所以不能设计既定的决策程序。10.管理是科学性和艺术性的统一

11.激励的关键是管理者通过采取各种方式去激发人的内在动力

12.奖励有激励作用，而惩罚没有激励作用 13.决策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客体的组成部分

15.设立专门的职能部门是直线制组织形式最大的特点 16.审计监督属于行政监督的范畴

17.实行集中决策、集中经营是事业部制组织形式最大的特点。

18.事业部制组织形式最大的特点是实行集中决策、集中经营

19.协调是管理者对管理活动中的各个要素之间的问题和关系进行的指挥和命令 20.预测是管理的核心

21.在管理中应树立组织改善环境的观念 22.在管理中应树立组织适应环境的观念 23.在管理中应树立组织重视环境的观念

三、简答

1.按照监督主体划分，监督有哪些种类？ 2.管理的权变观念 3.管理的人本观念 4.管理的系统观念

5.管理的择优观念主要包括哪些内容？ 6.管理的战略观念 7.管理决策应坚持的原则 8.管理客体有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素质 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制类型 13.激励的方式有哪些？ 14.激励在管理中的作用 15.计划编制应坚持的原则 16.决策的“令人满意”准则 17.决策的依据和条件

18.目标管理与传统计划管理的主要区别 19.权变观念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.实施在管理中的作用

21.制定管理目标应遵循什么程序？

四、论述

1.联系实际，论述管理择优观念的主要内容？ 2.联系实际，论述管理中的监督有哪些功能？ 3.联系实际，论述管理中的决策应遵循的程序？ 4.联系实际，论述激励的方式有哪些？ 5.联系实际，论述如何科学实施发展战略？ 6.联系实际，论述协调的方式方法有哪些？ 7.联系实际，论述在管理中如何运用好用人艺术？ 8.联系实际，论述制定管理目标应坚持什么原则？

第二篇：山东省委党校2014年在职研究生入学考试练习题

说明：此练习题仅供辅导教师和考生在复习过程中进行练习及掌握考试题型之用。要取得好成绩，请考生按照大纲进行全面系统复习。

《政治理论》练习题

一、概念解释题

1．货币

2.商品

3.资本

4.剩余价值

5．抽象劳动

6.可变资本

7.价值规律

8.哲学基本问题 9.主要矛盾

10.理性认识

11.毛泽东思想活的灵魂

12.群众路线

13.生态文明

14.一国两制

15.协商民主

16.循环经济

17.和谐文化

18.和平共处五项原则

二、辨析题

1．实践是认识的最终目的。

2．对新事物要肯定一切，对旧事物要否定一切。3．劳动是创造商品价值的唯一源泉。

4．具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造价值，所以它们是两类独立存在的劳动。

5．资本主义工资就是雇佣工人劳动的价格。

6．科学发展观第一要义是发展，这里所说的―发展‖是指经济发展。7．马克思主义认识论是以实践为基础的能动的革命的反映论。8．以人为本就是以人民群众为发展的根本动力。

9．以人为本、执政为民是检验党一切执政活动的最高标准。

10.协调发展就是要求平均发展。

11．革命是解放生产力，改革是发展生产力。

12．中国共产党领导的多党合作与政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。

13．按劳分配与按生产要素分配是根本对立的分配原则。

14．市场经济以市场作为资源配置的决定性手段，但并不排斥国家对经济的宏观调控。

15．社会主义民主政治只是为社会主义经济基础服务的有力手段。16.未来社会是一个自由人联合体。17.建设中国特色社会主义民主政治最根本的是要把坚持党的领导、人们当家作主和依法治国有机统一起来。

18.强调维护社会公平正义就是劫富济贫搞平均主义。

三、简答题

1.马克思主义的三个思想理论来源是什么？ 2.简述资本主义生产方式的绝对规律。3.简述马克思关于资本的特殊性质的论述。4.简述马克思对生产与消费之间关系的论述 5.简述马克思关于劳动力价值的论述。6.什么是唯物辩证法的三大规律？

7.列宁是如何论述唯心主义的认识论根源的？ 8.列宁关于辩证法和形而上学两种发展观的论述。9.简述毛泽东关于党的三大优良作风的概括。

10.解析邓小平关于我国处在社会主义初级阶段这个重要论断的基本涵义。11.邓小平是如何论述解放思想与实事求是二者之间关系的？ 12.中国特色社会主义的三大基本问题是什么？ 13.为什么说没有民主就没有社会主义？

14.党的十八大报告关于中国特色社会主义道路、中国特色社会主义理论体系、中国特色社会主义制度三者相互关系的论述。

15.什么是中国特色社会主义的总依据、总布局、总任务？ 16.为什么说社会主义和市场经济不存在根本矛盾？

17.党的十八届三中全会提出的全面深化改革的总目标是什么？ 18.全面深化经济体制改革的核心问题是什么？

四、论述题

1．马克思关于价值规律的论述及其重大意义。

2．论马克思“两个必然”和“两个决不会”的思想及其重大意义。3．马克思关于资本基本构成的论述及其重大意义。

4．列宁关于“利用资本主义，建设社会主义”的思想及其重大意义。5．毛泽东关于“社会主义社会基本矛盾”的论述及其重大意义。

6．毛泽东“关于事物矛盾问题精髓”的论述及其重大意义。7．邓小平的社会主义本质论及其重大意义。8．试论依法治国是社会主义民主政治的基本要求。

9．试论先进文化是社会主义现代化建设的重要保证。

《现代管理学》练习题

一、概念题

1、从一般意义上来定义管理

2、管理的综合性特征

3、管理主体

4、管理客体

5、管理机构设计类型中的直线职能制

6、管理目标

7、管理的人本观念

8、管理的系统观念

9、管理的战略观念

10、管理的权变观念

11、不确定型决策

12、实施过程中的激励

13、赞扬激励

14、沟通激励

15、现代管理中的监督

16、审计监督

17、现代管理中的评价

18、现代管理方法中的经济方法

二、辨析题

1、任何管理都由以下因素构成：管理主体、管理客体、管理目的、管理职能和方法、管理环境。

2、在管理实际中，管理的科学性和艺术性是统一的。

3、管理幅度和管理层次成正比例关系，即管理幅度越大，管理层次越多；管理幅度越小，管理层次越少。

4、可控性或称可管理性是管理客体的重要特征。

5、管理目标具有评价作用。

6、管理就是以信息处理为中心。

7、管理目标的分类，按管理的职能分，可分为经济管理目标、行政管理目标、科学技术管理目标和社会管理目标。

8、按管理者的职责，可分为一般的管理者和管理中的领导者，但管理中的领导者不是劳动者。

9、管理活动中，要处理多种关系，但最主要的是处理好物与物的关系以及人、财、物的关系。

10、管理的系统观念就是管理的整体观念。

11、系统理论和系统方法为现代管理开辟了新的思路，提供了新的武器。因此，树立系统观念和掌握系统方法，是现代管理者所应具备的基本素质。、12、管理的权变观念的核心内容，就在于管理效果完全取决于组织与环境之间的适应性。

13、按监督的主体划分，可分为自我监督、内部监督、外部监督。

14、经济监督就是财政监督和财务监督。

15、实施是现代管理者的一项重要责任。

16、我们现在实行的是社会主义市场经济体制，彻底否定了传统的计划经济体系。因此，在市场经济条件下，计划管理已经不重要了。

17、经济方法的调节作用是直接的。

18、在市场经济条件下，各种产品和服务的价格都是由价值规律和市场供求关系决定的，与政府和企业的经济政策无关。

三、简答题

1、管理主体决定管理活动的方向。

2、要使管理主体在管理活动中起主导支配的作用，必须具备的条件。

3、管理的艺术特征。

4、管理机构的设计要坚持责、权、利相一致的原则。

5、管理机构的设计要坚持以目标为中心，以职能为中心的原则。

6、作为管理客体的人的地位。

7、作为管理客体的人的特征。

8、管理目标制定的依据。

9、管理目标的制定要坚持方案选优的原则。

10、管理系统观念中的动态的观念。

11、管理实施中激励的作用。

12、激励方式中的奖罚激励。

13、激励方式中的尊重激励。

14、管理过程中的监督具有反馈的功能。

15、管理过程中的监督要坚持经济性原则。

16、管理过程中的监督具有预防功能。

17、权变观念要求领导方式应与环境相适应。

18、行政方法在管理中的运用有其自身的局限性，因此在运用中必须坚持正确的原则。

四、论述题

1、人既是管理的主体又是管理的客体，请您认真关注作为管理客体的人的地位和作用。

2、决策对于管理主体来说太重要了，要想做出科学正确的决策，必须遵循一些原则，请您掌握这些原则。

3、决策是一个科学的过程，不是随意点头和拍板定案，请您牢记决策的程序，即决策必须遵循的步骤。

4、管理者担负着特殊的职责，因此他必须具有特定的素质。请您认真了解一下管理者所应具备的素质。

5、管理目标是管理活动的出发点和归宿点，因此它在管理中占有重要的地位和作用。请您认真记住目标在管理中的作用。

6、管理目标很重要，但制定出科学正确和先进可行的管理目标就不是一件很容易的事了，必须要坚持一系列的科学原则。请您记住这些原则，才能制定出好的目标。

7、择优观念是现代管理中一个非常重要的观念，离了这个观念，管理活动就会出问题。请您牢牢记住树立择优观念的必要性。

8、实施是介于决策、计划和管理对象之间的中间环节，没有圆满的实施，就谈不上完成管理任务。实施的这种特定地位，决定了它的特点。请您认真了解实施不同于其他管理环节的特点。

9、管理实施过程结束后，还不能算是管理过程的结束，还需对其过程所获得的成绩和效果进行相应的评价。搞好评价也不是一件很简单的事。请您仔细了解评价活动应遵循的一系列原则。

《法理学》练习题

一、简答题

1、法律责任

2、法律部门

3、法律解释

4、法律渊源

5、法律移植

6、英美法系和大陆法系

7、法治和法制

10、法律溯及力

11、社会主义的法治理念

12、社会法律监督

13、法律制定

14、当代中国的法律渊源

15、法律继承

16、法律现代化

17、法律的基本特征

18、、法律适用

19、社会法律监督

二、辨析题

1、法律的本质

2、法律意识的结构

3、法律规则的构成要素

4、法学研究的对象

5、法的不确定性

6、法的规范性

7、法学研究的对象

8、理论法学和应用法学

9、国家赔偿法所属部门

10根据法的效力范围的不同，法的分类

11、立法体制

12、划分法的历史类型的依据

13、法律与道德强制力不同

14、法学体系和法律体系的区别

15、法律制定

16、法律继承

三、材料分析题

1、法律部门和法律渊源的不同

2、法的评价作用

3、立法体制

4、法的渊源

5、广义法律和狭义法律的效力区别

6、法律与道德的区别

7、司法机关独立行使审判或检察权

8、行政责任、刑事责任和民事责任的不同

9、人民法院定罪量刑的依据

10、法律规则和法律原则的不同

11、法理学的组成、法理学的社会学价值和法理学与其他法律部门的联系

12、司法的“以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”的原则

四、论述题

1、司法权的性质和特征

2、法律规则的逻辑结构

3、司法机关独立行使职权的原则

4、法律关系的构成要素

5、法律的规范作用

6、法律的社会作用

7、法律责任的归责原则

8、法律的本质

9、法律调整和道德调整的区别

《英语》练习题

一、单项选择

1.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn

B.to learn C.to be learning

D.to have learned 2.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.walk C.walked

B.had walked D.had been walking 3.She ________ money and forgetting to pay you back.A.borrowed C.is always borrowing

B.borrows D.has borrow 4.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that

B.whom

C.which

D.what 5.While ________ the train, I had a long talk with Jane.A.wait for C.waiting for

B.having waited for

D.being waited for 6.These questions ______ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed

B.had been discussed C.will be discussed

D.shall be discussed

7.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer

B.more warm

C.warmest

D.most warm 8.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year

B.since 1997 C.ten years ago

D.in 1997 9.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad

B.go abroad C.had gone abroad

D.has gone abroad 10.It has been two weeks since he ________ home.A.has left

B.was leaving C.left

D.is leaving 11.Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used

B.uses C.is used

D.is using 12.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of

B.to hear C.hearing from

D.heard 13.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word ________.A.speaking

B.to speak

C.spoken

D.spoke 14.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing

B.to be first played

C.first played

D.to be first playing 15.The old man lay in bed, ________ what to do the next day.A.thinking

B.was thinking

C.having thought

D.being thought 16.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go

B.go

C.going

D.goes 17.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by C.in 18.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start C.have already started

B.already started D.had already started B.since D.for 19.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 20.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed

B.is not allowed C.will be allowed

D.will not allow 21.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 22.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 23.I live in ________.I’d like to let you know that I’m checking out early

tomorrow morning.A.Room 216th

B.216 Room C.216th Room

D.Room 216 24.This kind of tree has green ________ throughout(全部)the year.A.leafs

B.leaves

C.leaf

D.leaves’ 25.I will give him the letter as soon as I ________ him.A.see

B.sees C.sees’

D.saw 26.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question?

A.I

B.my

C.me

D.us

27.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become

B.would become C.is going to

D.does become 28.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets C.will always forget 29.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he

B.doesn’t he

B.forget

D.are always forgetting C.is he

D.does he 30.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 C.for 1980

B.in 1980 D.since 1980 31.The role of _______ has changed a lot in the past 30 years.A.womans

B.women C.woman

D.women’s 32.________ meeting will be put off(推迟)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s

B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow

D.Tomorrows 33.If he ________ to go, I'll ask someone else to go with me.A.don’t want

B.doesn’t want

C.not want

D.not wants 34.This is my cell phone(手机).________ is on the desk.A.Their

B.Our C.Yours

D.Her 35.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself

B.herself

C.itself

D.oneself 36.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will C.shall

B.would D.should 37.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed

B.was staying C.is staying

D.stays 38.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go

B.go

C.going

D.goes 39.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by

B.since C.in D.for 40.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off C.have already taken off

B.already took off D.had already taken off 41.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 42.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed

B.is not allowed C.will be allowed

D.will not allow 43.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 44.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 45.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watching TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as

B.after C.until

D.while

二、阅读理解

(1)Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.This is because they grow up in a culture which tells them that it’s good to control their feelings.They learn when they are young that it is best to keep tears and laughter to themselves.15 Compared with the English, the French are much warmer and more open.They are always ready to express what they feel.However, it is said the Italians are the warmest people in the world.They let their feelings ―explode‖.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too careful about getting close to others.As long as we don’t make others unhappy, there is noting wrong in expressing our feelings.We can express our feelings directly or indirectly.We can talk to other people about our feelings.Of course, sometimes we should also control our feelings.After all, life is made of all kinds of feelings, isn’t it?

1.________ to say what you feel.A.It’s always good

B.Sometimes it is good

C.It’s no good

D.You always want

2.People ________ have different ways of dealing with feelings.A.from different cultures

B.from different countries

C.from different schools

D.of different occupations

3.According to the passage, ________ are the warmest people in the world.A.the Italians

B.the English

C.the French

D.the Chinese

4.The feelings that people don’t express ________.A.just disappear

B.should never be expressed

C.continue to exist under the surface

D.are always bad

5.People can express their feelings directly or indirectly ________.A.as long as they don’t make others unhappy

B.as long as they don’t make others happy

C.as soon as they don’t make others unhappy

D.as soon as they don’t make others happy

(2)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.6.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life

B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 7.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.8.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing

C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C

9.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 10.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.(3)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.11.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 12.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 13.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 14.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 15.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures

(4)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖

―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖

―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖ ―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖

The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖

The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 16.What do you know about the man?

A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.17.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?

A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.18.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.19.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money

B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself

C.he didn’t have any money

D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time

20.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽视)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(5)I once knew a man whose memory was very bad.Richard Rudd was so forgetful that he sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.His wife had to remind him constantly about his appointments, his classes – even his meals!Since Rudd was a professor at a well-known university, his forgetfulness was often an embarrassment.It wasn’t that he was unintelligent, as some critical people tend to gossip.He was just very, very absent-minded.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.The professor’s wife was surprised to see him again so soon, but she was amused when she heard what the matter was.She distrusted his memory, so she wrote the name of the town on a piece of paper.Satisfied that she had solved the problem, she sent her husband off again.Ten minutes later, she was astonished to see him outside the house again.What was the matter now? 21.What was Professor Rudd’s trouble? A.Lack of confidence.B.Lack of intelligence.C.Carelessness.D.Absent-mindedness.22.What was probably the most embarrassing thing for Professor Rudd? A.He often had to be reminded to go to class at the university.B.He often had to be reminded to meet people at the appointed(约定的)time.C.He sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.D.He sometimes forgot to take meals.23.What did Richard Rudd decide to do one hot summer day? A.To accompany his children on a train ride.B.To have a holiday with his children on the beach.C.To go and visit a friend of his in a seaside town with his children.D.To stay home and take care of his children.24.Why did Richard come back the first time? A.He forgot where he was going.B.He forgot his friend’s address.C.He forgot to tell his wife where he was going.D.He forgot to take the train tickets.25.What can you infer from the story?

A.Professor Rudd was an old man.B.Mrs.Rudd was actually more intelligent than her husband.23

C.Mrs.Rudd was an indispensable(不可缺少的)companion to her husband.D.Professor Rudd’s reputation was falling rapidly.(6)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?

If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.26.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.27.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.24 B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.28.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.29.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?

A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.30.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(7)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.31.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.32.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.33.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.34.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.35.What can you infer(推断)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(8)Have you ever seen people dance? Some dances are fast and others are slow.People’s feet move when they dance.They keep on moving until the music stops.People have enjoyed dancing for a very long time.This story is of a different kind of dance.It is a dance without people or music.Yet this dance is one of the oldest in the world.It is the dance of bees.If you have ever watched bees, you know that they are very clever.They also work hard looking for food and bringing it back to their home.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.At the hive, bees change this flower food into honey.Then they fly away for more food.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.Sometimes we hear the music of bees as they fly around, but few people have ever seen them dance.Yet without that dance we might never have sweet honey to eat.36.According to the passage, people don’t stop dancing until ________.A.the music stops B.they are very tired C.they want to go to bed D.it is very late 37.In the text, ―an unknown dance‖ is a dance ________.A.without a light B.without people or music C.without light and music D.without any drinks 38.Bees carry the flower food back to the hive ________.A.to eat B.to store

C.to be a present to other bees D.to change them into honey 39.What does a guide bee do if it finds the best food in the sweetest flowers? A.It will fly back to the hive to tell the others.B.It will take in as much food as it can.C.It will bring it back to the hive.D.It will change it into honey.40.What does the length of the dance mean? A.It tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers.B.It tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.C.It means that bees enjoy dancing.D.It means nothing.(9)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.41.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.42.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 43.Exercise is ________.29 A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(训练)D.to get up early in the morning 44.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(营养)to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循环)D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.45.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英译汉

1.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!

2.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too 30 careful about getting close to others.3.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.4.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.5.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.6.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination

himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.7.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.8.If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.9.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.10.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.32

They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.11.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.12.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.33

第三篇：现代管理学--2018年山东省委党校在职研究生入学考试-复习题答案

现代管理学

一、概念

1、法律监督。P235是国家为了保障法律的实施所进行的监察督导活动.主要内容有：按照法定权限和程序，对国家工作人员发生职务上的犯罪及利用职权违法行为的监督，对普通公民触犯刑法构成犯罪的监督，对各种管理机构和管理活动的合法性监督等。承担此任务的主要是立法、司法、执法机构等。

2、风险型决策。P169任何决策都会面临一定的环境和条件，如果这些环境和条件是决策者主观不能掌控的，就叫自然状态，如果自然条件是不确定的，但决策者能根据预测情况计算出事情发生的概率，并根据概率对决策结果做出估计，这种决策就叫风险决策。

3、管理。P005一般来讲，管理是指在一定环境下，管理主体为了达到一定目的，运用一定的职能和方法，对管理客体施加影响和进行控制的过程。

4、管理的经济方法。P254。是指管理主体按照经济规律的客观要求，运用经济手段，通过调节各种经济利益关系，以引导组织和个人的行为，保证管理目标顺利实现的方法。

5、管理的系统观念。管理主体自觉运用系统理论和系统方法，对管理的要素、组织、过程进行系统分析，旨在优化管理的整体功能，取得较好效果的观念。

6、管理的循环规律。即任何管理都要经过计划、实施、检查、处理等几个基本阶段的循环，也就是美国管理学家戴明所说的P、D、C、A循环。这是一种大循环套小循环的循环，是螺旋式上升的循环。

7、管理的共有规律。P11指所有管理活动都共有的规律，也是一 些具有一般性、普遍性的规律。

8、管理计划。P188现代管理学讲的计划是广义的计划，指为实现组织既定的目标，对未来的行动进行规划和安排的活动。就是预先确定做什么、怎么做、何时做、由谁做的一种程序。

9、管理技巧性规律。P12有些科学的管理方法和管理技巧由于抓住了事物发展的普遍矛盾，对解决管理问题具有普遍适用性和规律性，我们称之为管理的技巧性规律。

10、管理客体。P005主要指由管理主体具有的管理权限、管理责任和管理能力所能达到的各种领域或系统。

11、管理派生规律。P11主要指从共有规律中派生出的规律。

12、管理艺术。P305管理者根据自己的知识、经验、智慧和直觉，迅速及时，随机应变，又准确有效地认识和解决问题的技巧和能力。

13、管理主体。P22指在管理过程中具有支配和影响作用的要素。可以是单个管理者，也可以是由管理群体组成的管理机构。

14、广义的管理决策。P168指人们为了达到一定的目的，运用科学的理论和方法，提出、选择并实施行动方案的全过程。

15、行政监督。P231是国家行政机关按照法定的权限、程序和方式，对行政机关自身的行政活动所进行的监督。

16、计划的效率性。P189计划不仅要保证组织目标的实现，还要合理利用资源和提高效率，就是要做正确的事又要正确的做事。指以实现组织的总目标和一定时期的总目标得到的利益，扣除为制定和执行计划所需要的费用和其他预计不到的损失之后的总额来测定的。

17、经济监督。P233是指由综合经济管理机关和专门经济监督机关，按照国家的方针、政策、法律及社会经济发展目标的要求，对社 会经济运行过程所进行的检查、监视、督促及控制的活动。

18、评价。P237指管理实施过程结束后，根据管理的成效，对管理过程的各项管理活动所进行全面的检查、比较、分析、论证和总结，从中得出规律性的启迪，以达到不断提高管理水平，取得更好的管理效益，实现管理良性循环的一种管理活动。

19、确定性决策。P169，见风险型决策。如果自然状态是确定的，决策者对决策问题的情况有充分了解，决策的结果是确定的，就叫。

20、现代管理技术。P277从广义上说是适应现代化大生产和现代化管理的要求，综合运用现代自然科学和社会科学的研究成果而形成的，能对现代条件下生产经营和其他社会活动进行有效管理的一系列方法、手段的综合。狭义上讲，是指以现代管理理论为基础，以定量分析为主的一系列管理方法和技术。

21、指导性计划。P195上级计划单位只规定方向、要求和一定幅度的指标，下达隶属部门和单位参考执行的一种计划形式。市场经济条件下，国家制订的经济计划，一般是这个。

22、指令性计划。P195由上级计划单位按照隶属关系下达，要求执行计划的单位和个人必须完成的计划。具有强制性、权威性、行政性和间接市场性。

二、辨析

1、按照管理者的位置和层次，可以把管理者分为高层管理者、中层管理者和基层管理者。P24 对。管理者越往高层，所面临的情势越复杂，所要解决的问题越带有综合性和全局性。他所要解决的主要是矛盾的特殊方面，所运用的主要是建立在科学基础上的高超的领导艺术。这种艺术很难用数学 方法来描述，简单的条文和书本难以综合归纳。管理者越往基层，所面临的问题越清晰、具体，