第一篇：高中英语常用语法

常用语法

一：时态：所谓的“时态”，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式

过去 现在 将来 过去将来

一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done用于虚拟语气

完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 2．被动形式

过去 现在 将来 过去将来

一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /

一．非谓语动词 一．不定式：

一）不定式的常考形式：

1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的

3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略

1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do

表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）

? 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good;It feels comfortable.2)使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‗d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn‘t have to be made to learn.3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：

want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do

五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom(oneself)to;be accustomed to;face up to;in addition to;look forward to;object to;be reduced to;resign oneself to;be resigned to;resort to;sink to;be used to;be alternative to;be close/closeness to;be dedication/dedicated to;be opposition/opposed to;be similarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中，want不太常用。

He needs(a lot of)encouraging.二.动名词： 具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语 starving troops is necessary.一)动名词的形式: 一般形式：I don't like you smoking.完成形式：I regret not having taken your advice.被动形式：This question is far from being settled.二)动名词常考的点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon．

A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对）I regret not having taken your advice.4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit;appreciate;avoid;celebrate;consider;contemplate;defer;delay;deny;detest;discontinue;dislike;dispute;enjoy;it entails;escape;excuse;explain;fancy;feel like;finish;forgive;can't help;hinder;imagine;it involves;keep;it means;mention;mind;miss;it necessitates;pardon;postpone;practice;prevent;recall;report;resent;resist;risk;suggest;understand...另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法：

it's no good;it's no/little/hardly any/ use;it's not/hardly/scarcely use;it's worthwhile;spend money/time;there's no;there's no point in;there's nothing worse than;what's the use/point...5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面用不定式和-ing形式，意义截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)I remembered posting/having posting the letters(我记得这个动作)forgot与remember的用法类似。

I regret to inform you that… 我很遗憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。try to 努力 You really must try to overcome your shyness.try –ing 试验 Try practicing five hours a day.I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.[打算、想]我想去，但我父亲不让我去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.[意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。

prefer的用法： 我宁愿在这里等。

I prefer to wait here.（所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。）I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。）

I prefer swimming to cycling.（这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）分词：

现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态 现在分词的形式: 1)一般式: Do you see the man talking to the dean（主任）?(与谓语动词同步发生)2)完成形式：Not having made adequate preparations, they failed.(发生谓语动词之前)3)完成被动形式：Having been adapted, the script seems perfect.(发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)过去分词

1)过去分词表示被动：Fight no battle unprepared.2)过去分词的进行形式：You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(强调正在被做)这三种非谓语动词，都可以构成复合结构，非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动，往往就是考点。独立主格结构中，要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

二：虚拟三：虚拟语气

情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can't ? should/shouldn't ? might/may(not)另外两个“类情态词的形式：”need/needn't;have to/don't have to ? 最自然的虚拟状态：由should/would+原型时态（不含时间只含状态）本质上是过去将来时：即，时间固定在过去将来，状态不同：一般、进行、完成、完成进行。这时“虚拟语气”的产生往往是因为我们要表达“本来应该……”（而现在却还没有……）（本来可以……，本来能……）

I should go!(… but I'm still here!)(一般)I should be working now!(进行)I should have practiced more(than I did)!(完成)我应该多多练习！（言下之意，现在我练习得不多。）

I shouldn't dream away my time too much!(完成的否定)(actually I did dream away my time too much!)It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time!(完成进行)I may/might/could have finished!(完成)一些常见的句型中，就会出现这种虚拟语气，而处于从句之中，should 常常被省略掉 o suggest, advise, propose, recommend, plan;o demand, order, direct, arrange, command, decide;o require, request;o think, expect, believe, insist, suspect.由于他们的含义中包含“建议，假设，应该”这类的含义，所以，由他们引起的从句中，就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。

这些动词（以及他们的名次形式，分词形式）引起的从句还有其他的变形： 主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

It's suggested that… My suggestion is that… The only suggestion that...The only suggestion I can give you now is that… 一些形容词引起的表语从句中，也会有同样的情况

important;necessary;essential It's natural;strange;incredible that a pity;a shame;no wonder ? 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should ? 表达与事实相反

1.与现在相反：使用[过去时]：

I wish I were not here!(一般现在?一般过去)Suppose we were not here.He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般现在?一般过去)Hope I weren't always losing things!(现在进行?过去进行)If only/If I hadn't been there!(现在完成?过去完成)What if I hadn't been waiting right here!(现在完成进行?过去完成进行)常考句型：It's(high)time(that)…;would rather(that)…

这两个从句，只能表达对现在的看法，所以，从句中只有一般过去时。2.与过去相反：过去完成时；

How nice it is if I had past the test!How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!3.与将来相反？将来的事情没有发生，所以只能推测。

If it rains tomorrow, we'll have to stay one day more.不过，由于可以用be to表示将来；所以，虚拟语气中经常出现were to；也是CET-4的常考语法点。? 虚拟条件句

o if 部分，做一个与事实相反的假设（所以只有一般过去和过去完成）；

o 主句部分，这是表示基于这个假设的推测，一般使用情态动词would，少数情况下使用could/might/may。

o 注意：两个部分之间，是有逻辑关系，而在两部分的谓语动词时态上，没有必然的联系。

? 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。? 隐含的非真实条件

What would you do with 50 thousand dollar? How could I be happy without you? 除了条件状语从句之外，原因状语从句也会出现虚拟语气。

o 由in order that, so that引起的从句，肯定的时候可以使用may/might;can/could;否定的时候，多用shouldn't;o whoever, whatever, no matter what引起的从句中，多用may+

情态动词的基本用法及其区别

一、用―情态动词＋have ＋done‖结构表示对过去动作的推测

常见的结构有： must have done：

表示对过去动作的肯定推测，常译作―一定做了……‖，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can‘t／couldn‘t have done?

疑问式为Can／Could...have done﹖。

could ／might have done：表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测，常译作―可能做了……‖。如：

1)My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿＿ your lecture． ? A． couldn‘t have attended B． needn‘t have attended C． mustn‘t have attended D． shouldn‘t have attended 本题选A。

2)Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me． A． mustn‘t have arrived B． shouldn‘t have arrived C． can‘t have arrived

D． need not have arrived（C）

2．当前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时，常借助―but, however, instead‖等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符，这种结构常见的有：

should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。

need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。如：

3)I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word．

A． mustn‘t leave B． shouldn‘t have left C． couldn‘t have left D． needn‘t leave ―本不应该离家出走却走了‖，故本题选B。

4)I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her．

A． had to write it out

B． must have written it out

C． should have written it out D． ought to write it out 由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。

二、情态动词基本用法。

5)—Is John coming by train﹖

—He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car．

A． must B． can C． need D． may mustn‘t 表示―禁止、不准‖；cannot 表示―不可能‖；need not 表示―不必要‖；may not 表示―可能不‖。分析语境可知本题应选D。

6)—I hear you‘ve got a set of valuable Australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I have a look﹖

—Yes, certainly．

A． Do B． May C． Shall D． Should 分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可，may表示―允许、可以‖，语气比较委婉。shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示，如果此空用shall，则意为―要（我）看一下吗？‖，不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。

7)Mr Bush is on time for everything． How ＿＿＿＿ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖

A． can B． should C． may D． must

must be 表示肯定的猜测，只能用于肯定句中，由题意可知本题应选A。

8)—Are you coming to Jeff‘s party﹖

—I‘m not sure． I ＿＿＿＿ go to the concert instead． A． must B． would C． should D． might 由题意和下句中的 ―I‘m not sure‖

可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测，might可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断，故本题选D。又如： I should have been there, but I ＿＿＿＿＿ not find the time．

A． would B． could C． might D． should 分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力；C 项只表示语气上的可能性，与题意不符。故本题选B。

9)Johnny, you ＿＿＿＿ play with the knife, you ＿＿＿＿ hurt yourself．

A． won‘t;can‘t B． mustn‘t;may

C． shouldn‘t;must D． can‘t;shouldn‘t

mustn‘t 表示―不可以；禁止‖，分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性，故本题选B。

10)—Will you stay for lunch﹖

—Sorry, ＿＿＿＿＿＿． My brother is coming to see me． A． I mustn‘t B． I can‘t C． I needn‘t D． I won‘t

分析题意可知因为―我弟弟要来看我‖，所以―不能留下‖，因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝。A 项表示―禁止‖；C项表示―不必要‖；而D项表示―不会‖，均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如：

—Could I borrow your dictionary﹖ —Yes, of course you ＿＿＿＿＿．

A． might B． will C． can D． should(C)

11)—When can I come for the photos﹖ I need them tomorrow afternoon．

—They ＿＿＿＿＿ be ready by 12?00．

A． can B． should C． might D． need 该题考查情态动词should的基本含义，分析句意可知本题应选B。又如：

12)The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out．（A． had to B． would C． could D． was able to 该题考查了could和be able to的区别，二者都可表示过去时间的能力，但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本题选D。13)—Shall I tell John about it ﹖

—No, you ＿＿＿＿＿． I‘ve told him already．

A． needn‘t B． wouldn‘t C． mustn‘t D． shouldn‘t

情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 ―没有必要了‖，故本题选A 三、一致关系 一)主谓一致

1． 主谓一致（与插入语无关）

1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。

2定语从句中的主谓一致：

3随前一致：

n.+ together with n2

as well as

including

along with with / of

accompanied with / by

4就近原则：n1 or n

2+v（就近原则）

either n1 or n2

5可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)

例外：war and peace is… war and peace是一个整体

但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.类似的还有：law and order bread and butter black and white

To love and to be loved is … A lawyer and a teacher are… A lawyer and teacher is …

6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+ percent of+n1+v.（由n1决定）8倒装结构的主谓一致：

a）There be +n 由名词决定动词

b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：

Among / Between …+系动词+n.（由名词决定动词）

9The+adj的主谓一致：

a）当表示―一类人‖，b）当表示某一抽象概念时 The good is always attractive.10 To do/doing/主从+vs

*More than one+n many a +n.a day or two

二)、倒装 1 全部倒装

是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：Up went the plane = the plane went up.1)here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。2)表示运动方向的副词(back, down, off, up)或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。注意：1)上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes.Away they went.2)谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。Here it is.Here you are.3）形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装

*typical of

characteristic of *coinciding with + n

4）表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装

In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。

*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there

*常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath 常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest

部分倒装

1． 否定 adv 位于句首，引起倒装：not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, no sooner…than

1）not until + 时间 + 主谓倒装，not until + 句子+主谓倒装

2）only+状语位于句首

only +ad.eg: recently

prep.短短语

eg: in recently years 从句

eg: when clause only一个词本身不倒装

3）在比较级结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装。

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

? 1)Neither, nor, so 表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定，产生倒装，一般主动词提前，谓语动词的其他部分就

4)as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提

前）。

as〔让步〕虽然，尽管〔词序倒装。语气比 though 强〕。

Successful as he is, he is not proud.他虽成功，却不骄傲。

Women as she is, she's every brave.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意：A)句首名词不能带任何冠词。B)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。5)其他部分倒装

a)so… that 句型中的so;such… that句型中的such位于句首时，需倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.b)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.c)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.四、复合句 从句可分为：

? 名词性从句? 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 ? 形容词性从句?定语从句 ? 副词性从句?状语从句

? 常考的关系代词：that;which;who/whom/whose;where;when;what;as。

? 常见的同位语从句现行词（that之前的抽象名词）：fact, idea, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding… ? 常用的引导词

o 时间状语从句：while;when;before;whenever;as;after;till;until;since;once;ever since;as/so long as;as soon as;no sooner… than;hardly… when;scarcely/barely… when;the moment/minute/instant;on(the point of)doing… o 地点状语从句：where;wherever o 原因状语从句：because;since;as;seeing that;considering that;now that;in that;for fear that;lest;owing to the fact that;because of the fact that;due to the fact that…

o 方式状语从句：as;as if;as though;how;save that…

o 比较状语从句：as;than;as… as;not so… as;hardly… than;o 结果状语从句：so that;so… that;such… that;so as to…

o 条件状语从句：if;unless;in case;so long as;so far as;provided/providing/that;supposing;granted/granting that…;giving that….o 让步状语从句：though;although;even if;even though;whether;as;however;no matter(what, how, when);for all that;in spite of the fact that;granted that;regardless of the fact that…

o 目的状语从句：that;so that;in order that;lest;for the fear that;in case… 定语从句:

which 引导的定语从句结构

1）which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语 2）in which+完整的句子

which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语

3）名词+of which+谓语动词

of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词 I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.4）介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。The key with which to open the door is lost.5）定语从句的省略结构：

1． 如果that / which在定从中作 宾语，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v

s+vt+n1+n2+vt

*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

6）定从的特殊省略

the way(in which)+ 句子

the reason(why that)+句子 均为完整句

the time(that / when)+句子

I do remember the first time(that省)I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.By the time省that+句子，句子。

7）定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）

即：which be , who be , that be可同时省

状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：

第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as

第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；

第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出

第二篇：高中英语语法222

高中英语语法

目录: 1名词性从句

2“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解 3 高中英语语法中的省略现象 4主谓一致 5动词不定式 6 倒装结构

7定语从句 8被动语态 9祈使句 10感叹句 11疑问句 12名词

一． 主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1.It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较

It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：

a)It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.你不去看那场电影真可惜。

b)It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。

c)It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型）

d)It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型）

2.用it 作形式主语的结构

(1)It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句

It is a fact that „

事实是„

It is an honor that

„非常荣幸

It is common knowledge that

„是常识

(2)It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句

It is natural that„

很自然„

It is strange that„

奇怪的是„(3)It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句

It seems that„

似乎„

It happened that„

碰巧„

It appears that„

似乎„(4)It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句

It is reported that„

据报道„

It has been proved that„

已证实„

It is said that„

据说„

3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况：

（1）if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。

（2）It is said /reported„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.（3）It happens/occurs„结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him.（4）It doesn’t matter how/whether „结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.（5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：

正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?

错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely?

4.what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别

what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：

a)What you said yesterday is right.b)That she is still alive is a consolation

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。

1.作动词的宾语

(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：

I heard that be joined the army.我听说他参军了。

(2)由what, whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：

a)She did not know what had happened.她不知道发生了什么。

b)I wonder whether you can change this note for me.我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。

(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：

She told me that she would accept my invitation.她对我说她会接受我的邀请。

2.作介词的宾语，例如：

Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。

3.作形容词的宾语，例如：

I am afraid(that)I’ve made a mistake.我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。

注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4.it 可以作为形式宾语

it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：

We heard it that she would get married next month.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。

5.后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词

这类动词有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如：

正确表达：I admire their winning the match.错误表达：I admire that they won the match.6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词

有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：

正确表达：He impressed the manager as an honest man.错误表达：He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.7.否定的转移

若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：

I don’t think this dress fits you well.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。

三.表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that„ 和It is because 等结构。例如： 1)The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is why we can’t get the support of the people.3)But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4)The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四.同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1.同位语从句的功能

同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：

1)The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2)The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2.同位语在句子中的位置

同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：

He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别

(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）

2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

高一英语名词性从句专项练习

1．____he does has nothing to do with me.A.whatever B.No matter what C.That D.If 2.The manager came over and asked the customer how____

A.did the quarrel came about

B.the quarrel had come about

C.had the quarrel come about

D.had the quarrel come about 3.Energy is ____makes thing work..A.what B.something C.anything

D.that 4.Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 5.This is ___the Shenzhou V Spaceship landed.A.there

B.in which

C.where

D.when 6.They have no idea at all____.A.where he has gone

B.where did he go

C.which place has he gone

D.where has he gone

7.The doctor did a lot to reduce the patient’s fear ____he would die of the disease.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.of that

8.The order came ___the soldiers ____the small village the next morning.A.that;had to leave

B.that;should leave

C./;must leave

D.when;should leave 9.___is no possibility ____Bob can win the first prize in the match.A.There;that

B.It;that

C.there;whether D.It;whether 10.The question came up at the meeting_____ we had enough money for our research.A.that

B.which

C.whether

D.if 11.Is _____he said really true?

A.that B.what C.why

D.whether 12.____the meeting should last two days or three days doesn’t matter.A.That B.Whether C.If

D.Where 13.It worried her a bit _____her hair was turning gray.A.while

B.if

C.that D.for

14.???_____more countries can use natural energy in the future remains to be seen.A.Whether

B.This

C.who

D.If

15.____he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.A.What B.That

C.Whether

D.If 16.____you don’t like him is none of my business.A.What B.That

C.Who

D.How 17.____all the inventions have in common is ____they have succeeded.A.What;what B.That;that

C.what;that D.That;what 18.____appeared to me that he enjoyed the food very much.A.What

B.It

C.All that

D.That 19.It is widely ______that smoking can cause cancer.A.believed

B.think

C.say

D.hoped 20.____caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What

B.That

C.How

D.Where

Keys:

1—5 ABABC 6—10 AABAC 11—15 BBCAB 16—20 BCBAA

第二章 “It”用法及其句型和固定搭配讲解

“It” 用法及其句型和固定搭配，是高中英语语法的重点、难点，又是近几年高考的热点，因此应给予充分的重视，现将it用法归纳如下：

一、It用作实词

表达以下概念:指代前文提到的事物，前文中的this, that；替代前文中的内容；指代一位性别不明的小孩或未知的人；指代未指明但谈话双方都知道的那件事；指代时间、天气、气候、距离等自然现象„„

二、It用作形式主语

替代作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作主语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式主语的常见句型：

1.代作主语的动词不定式，其句型为

(1)It be adj.(for sb.)to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述事件的形容词：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, right, wrong, important, unimportant, legal, illegal, well-mannered, ill-mannered, polite, impolite, clear, obvious, certain, suitable, proper, fit, useful, useless, dangerous…

例

It is illegal(for a teenager)to drive a car without a license.(2)It be adj.of sb.to do sth.此处adj.通常为描述人的形容词：kind, unkind, nice, rude, cruel, considerate, thoughtful, thoughtless, careful, careless, silly, foolish, stupid, clever, wise, crazy.例

It's kind of you to help me with the problem.(3)It替代作主语的动名词的常见句型

It's no good/use doing…

It's(well)worth doing…

It's(well)worth one's while doing/to do… It's(well)worth while doing/ to do

例

It's no use crying over spilt milk.2.It替代作主语的从句常见句型

(1)It is + noun +从句

(2)It is adj.+clause

It's surprising that„(should)„„„竟然„„

It's a pity/shame that„(should)„„„竟然„„

例

It's important that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.(=It's of much

例

It is no secret that the president wants to have a second term at office.importance that you should apologize to her for your rudeness.)

(3)It verb sb.+ clause= It is v-ing + clause

It+surprise/delight/interest/disappoint/worry/disturb/annoy/amaze

/bother/concern/frighten/please/anger sb.that…

例

It worried me that she drove so fast.(= It was worrying that she drove so fast.)

(4)It verb(to sb.)that…= sb/sth verb to do

(verb = appear, seem, come about, emerge, follow, chance, happen, occur, transpire, turn out , work out)

例

It(so)happened/chanced that they were out.(= They happened/chanced to be out.)

(5)It is v-ed that…=sb/sth is to do

(verb=say, report, think, believe, hope, expect, agree, accept, decide, determine, intend, plan, understand, know）

例

It is said that the couple have gotten porced.(=The couple are said to have gotten porced.)

(6)It is v-ed that …(should)…

(verb=demand, request, require, order, suggest, advise, recommend

例

It is suggested that they should begin with the third question.三、It作主语的句型

1.It takes sb.„ to do„(=sb takes„to do„)某人用多长时间做某事

例

It took the men a week to mend our roof.(= The men took a week to mend our roof.)

2.It's(just)(un)like sb.to do„（不）像某人做某事的风格

例

It was(just)like him to think of helping us.3.It's(about/high)time that„ should /v-ed„是该做某事的时候了

例

It's(about/high)time that we should take action.4.It's the x-th time(that)„ have v-ed„第几次做某事了

例

It's the third time that he has failed the driving test.5.It is/has been„ since „continuous v-ed(延续性动词)某动作已有多长时间不发生了

例

It's 10 years that he lived here

6.It was(not)„ before„过(不)了多长时间某动作发生了

例

It was not long before they arrived.四、It 作形式宾语

用来替代作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词，而把真正作宾语的从句、动词不定式、动名词置于句尾。

It 作形式宾语的常见句型：

1.verb+ it+ adj./noun(for/of)to do/clause(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it hard for you to do the task on your own./I think it hard that you'll do the task on your own.2.verb+it+adj./noun(one's)doing(adj.=useless/worth/worthwhile)(noun=no use/no good/worth one's while/a waste of time/money/energy/words)(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I'll make it worth your while telling me about his secret.3.verb+it+ important/unimportant/necessary/unnecessary/natural/essential that …(should)…

verb+it+of much/great/no/little importance that…(should)…

(verb=think, believe, suppose, consider, feel, make, keep…)

例

I think it important that you(should)attendthe conference.4.verb + it+ as+ noun/adj.+ clause(verb=accept, regard, take, see, view)

例

The lecturer takes it as encouraging when so many students attend his lecture.5.v.+it + prep.+ that…

owe it to sb.that„把„归功于„

leave it to sb that„把„留给某人去做

take it for granted that „想当然

keep it in mind that…

例

Don't bother to arrange anything.Just leave it to me to sort out.6.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词后面，尤其是表示好恶的动词后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to 宾语从句紧跟it之后

例

I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.7.It用在不能直接跟宾语从句的介词后面，宾语从句紧跟it之后（except that例外）

例

I'm for it that you will follow their advice.五、强调句型

It is/was+被强调部分+ that(who)„ 强调句型用来强调谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。当被强调部分是人时也可以用who。

在使用强调句型时需注意以下几点：

1.请注意强调句型的特殊疑问句

例

When was it that he changed his mind to take part in the activity？

2.在强调原因状语从句时，只能强调由because所引导的从句

例

It was because he was ill that he didn't come to school yesterday.3.在强调not „ until结构时必须把not与until一起放到被强调的位置上

例

It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was my brother.4.注意强调句型与定语从句的区别

例

It was at 7 o'clock that he came here yesterday.(强调句型)

It was 7 o'clock when he came here yesterday.(定语从句)

六、It 常用的固定搭配

1.make it

(1).在口语当中相当于succeed,表示：成功、做到、说定、赶上、及时到达

例

It's hard to make it to the top in show business.(2).在口语中相当于fix the date for,表示“约定好时间”

例

—Shall we meet next week?

—OK.We just make it next Saturday.2.as it is

(1).相当于in fact, in reality表示“事实上，实际情况是„„”

例

We had planed to finish the task today, but as it is we probably won't finish it until next week.(2).相当于方式状语从句，表示“照原样”

例

Leave the table as it is.3.as it were 相当于as one might say, that is to say, 表示“也就是说，可以说，换句话说”

例

He is, as it were, a modern Sherlock Holmes.4.if it weren't for„/if it hadn't been for„用来引导虚拟语气，相当于without, or but for, 表示“如果不是„„，要不是„„”

例

If it weren't for Tom, I wouldn't be alive today.5.that's it

(1).相当于That's all.That's so much.表示“至此为止，没有别的了”

例

You can have one more sweet, and that's it.(2).相当于 That's right.表示“对啦”

例

— I guess the key to the problem is thechoice “A”

—That's it.6.catch it 在口语中，相当于be punished/scolded for doing sth.wrong.表示“因做错事而挨骂，受责备，受批评，受惩罚”

例

We'll really catch it form our teacher if we're late for class again.7.have it

(1).相当于say, insist表示“说，主张，表明，硬说”

例

Rumour has it that they are getting porced.(2).相当于get to know something,表示“了解，知道，获悉”

例

I had it from John that she was going abroad.8.have what it takes在口语中，相当于be well qualified for, 表示“具有成功的条件”

例

You can take it from me that your daughter has what it takes to be a star.9.so it seems / appears.10.Keep at it!(Don't give up!)相当于go on,表示“继续做，不放弃”

例

My teacher asked me to keep at it.11.Go it!(Go on!)拼命干, 莽撞

12.Now you have done it!(You have done sth.wrong.)

13.Now you'll catch it!(You'll be punished.)

14.As it happened, „ 在口语中，相当于it's a pity that„, 表示“真不凑巧，真遗憾”

例

As it happened, they were out.15.As it turned out,„在口语中，相当于it was found to be in the end, 表示“最后被证明是”

例

As it turned out, his statement was false.16.Such as it is(they are)在口语中，相当于although it may not be worth much, 表示“虽然没有多大价值”

例

You can borrow my exam notebook, such as it is.17.Take it/things easy.相当于Don't worry or don't hurry.用来劝告别人，表示“不要慌，别担心，存住气”

例

Take it easy!He will do it well.18.Take it from me.在口语中，相当于believe me what I say.表示“请相信我的话，我敢担保”

例

You can take it from me that he will make it this time.19.For what it is worth„在口语中，相当于although I'm not sure it's of value, 表示“不管其价值如何”

例

Here is the article I promise you, for what it's worth.20.Worth it 在口语中，相当于useful, 表示“有好处，值得做”

例

Don't hesitate about it!It's worth it.21.Believe it or not.表示“信不信由你”

例

Believe it or not, Tom is getting married to Mary next Sunday.22.Take it or leave it.v.要么接受要么放弃

例

That is my last offer.You can take it or leave it.23.It all depends/that all depends 在口语中，相当于it hasn't been decided yet, 表示“那得看情况，还没有定下来”

例

—Are you going to the countryside for holiday?

—It/That all depends.24.It's up to sb.在口语中，相当于it's decided by sb.表示“由„„决定，由„„负责，取决于„„”

例

—Shall we go out for dinner?

—It's up to you.“It”用法及其句型和固定搭配专练

1.Was it during the Second World War_____ he died? A.that

B.while

C.in which

D.then(88)

2.Is ____ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A.this

B.that

C.it

D.he(89)

3.I don't think ____ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.A.this

B.that

C.its

D.it(91)

4.Does ______ matter if he can't finish the job on time? A.this B.that C.he D.it(91)5.It was not _____ she took off her glasses _____ I realized she was a famous film star.A.when , that

B.until , that

C.until , that

D.when , then(92)6.I was disappointed with the film.I had expected ______ to be much better.A.that

B.this

C.one

D.it(93)

7.It was not until 1920 ______ regular radio broadcasts began.A.while

B.which

C.that

D.since(94)

8.______is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A.There

B.This

C.That

D.It(95)

9.It was only when I reread this poems recently _____ I began to appreciate their beauty.A.until

B.that

C.then

D.so(97)

10.I hate_____when people talk with their mouths full.A.it

B.that

C.these

D.them(98)

11.It is the ability to do the job _____ matters not where you come from or what you are.A.one

B.that

C.what

D.it(2000)

12.I like ___ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.(2004)A.this

B.that C.it

D.one

13.—Do you like ___ here?

—Oh, yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(全国卷)

A.this B.These

C.That

D.it

14.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen.So Peter made ___ from some wood.(全国卷)A.it

B.One

C.Himself

D.another

15.The foreign Minister said, “ _____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”(2004北京)

A.This is B.There is C.That is

D.It is

16._____ is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.(2004北京)

A.It

B.As

C.That

D.What 17.— How often do you eat out?(2004, 天津)— ________, but usually once a week.A.Have no idea

B.It depends

C.As usual

D.Generally speaking 18.We wanted to get home before dark, but it didn't quite _____ as planed.(2004浙江卷)A.make out

B.turn out

C.go on

D.come up

19.— What do you want to do next? We have half an hour until the basketball game.—________.Whatever you want to do is fine with me.A.It just depends

B.It's up to you

C.All right

D.Glad to hear that

20.It was ____ back home after the experiment.A.not until midnight did he go B.until midnight that he didn't go C.not until midnight that he went D.until midnight when he didn't go

KEYS:

1-5 ACDDB 6-10 DCDBA

11-15 ACDBD 16-20 BBBBC

第三章 高中英语语法中的省略现象

在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。现就英语中的种种省略现象分析如下：

一、并列复合句中的省略

在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如：

a)The boy picked up a coin in the road and(the boy)handed it to a policeman.这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。

b)Your advice made me happy but(your advice made)Tom angry.你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。

c)Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been)doing her homework.汤姆肯定一直在打篮球，玛丽一直在写作业。

d)Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born)in 1963.高秀敏出生于1959年，傅彪出生于1963年。

二、主从复合句中的省略

1．状语从句中的省略

一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则： 1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：(1)连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词;(2)连词（though, whether , when）+形容词；(3)连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语；(4)连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词；(5)连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词；(6)连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式。如：

a)Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工 人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。

b)Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。

c)He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。d)While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。

e)The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。

f)Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。注意：

1)当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：

Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。

2)当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：

Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。

2．定语从句中的省略

1）一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略；如：

Is this reason(that)he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗？（2002上海春季）

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较：

Tom(whom)you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省)你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。

Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill.(whom不可以省)汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2）在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。如：

a)This is the first time(when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。

b)He wants to find a good place(where/that)we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday.他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。

c)Could you tell us the reason(why/that)he was so unhappy ? 你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗？

3）当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时，从句不能用 how 来引导，应该用that 或 in which，或将它们全部省略。如：

I don't like the way(that/in which)you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。

3．宾语从句中的省略

1）在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略；但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。如：

a)I think(that)the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。

b)He said(that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。2）由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：

a)I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when(he will come to our city).我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。

b)He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。

4．在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。如：

Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should)last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

5．主句省略多用于句首。如：

(It is a)Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。

6．在答语中，主句可全部省略。如：

—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.—上周五你为什么没有上学？ —因为我妈妈病了。

三、简单句中的省略

1．省略主语

1）祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如：

(You)Open the door, please.请开一下门。

2)其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如：

a)(I)Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。

b)(It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分 如：

a)(There is)No smoking.禁止抽烟

b)(Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ？

c)(You come)This way please.请这边走。

d)(Will you)Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ？

3．省略宾语 如：

—Do you know Mr.Li ? 你认识李先生吗？— I don’t know(him.)我不认识他 4．省略表语 如：

—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗？ Yes , I am(thirsty).是的，我是。

5．同时省略几个成分 如：

a)—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ？—(I am feeling)Much better(now)好多了。

b)(I wish)Good luck(to you).祝你好运/祝你顺利。

四、动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合1．不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：

a)— You should have thanked her before you left.—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—你本该在离开前谢谢她。—我本打算这么做，但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。（2000上海春）

b)You can do it this way if you like to.如果你想做，你可以这么做。

2．不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：

a)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to.男孩想在街上骑他的自行车，但他母亲不让。(NMET1995)b)She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to(come).她想来，可是她父母不让。

3．不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：

— I will be away on a business trip.Could you mind looking after my cat ?

— Not at all.I would be happy to(look after your cat).—我要出差，你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗？—没关系，我很愿意。

4．不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：

He doesn’t like fish but he used to 他现在不喜欢吃鱼，但过去喜欢。

五、动词不定式to 的省略

1．主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时，作表语的不定式通常省去to。如：

The only thing you have to do is press the button.你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。

2．作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.如：

He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外，什么也没有做。

3．主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。如：

All I want(to do)is go to school and study hard.我想要（做）的就是上学，努力学习。

4．当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。如：

It is easier to say than to do.说起来容易，做起来难。

5．在would rather„than„ 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.如：

I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。

6．在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to；why(not)do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。如：

a)I saw her enter the room.我看见她进入了房间

b)Why not join us ?为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢？

六．其他一些省略结构

1．名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Mary's.我们在玛丽家过的周末。

2．What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：

a)What a wonderful victory(it is)for Tom!这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀！

b)How beautiful(it is)to be treated like a normal child.被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。

第四章 主谓一致

主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如: He is going abroad.They are playing football.可分为:语法一致, 内容一致, 就近一致.(一)语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数.以下为注意事项: 1.单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but(除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数.如: Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。

2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数.如:

The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

3.不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.如: Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When we’ll go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。

4.用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。

5.each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如: Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。

6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数.如: Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到

More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。

7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如: None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。

None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。

8.名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数.如: His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics;国名如: the United States;报纸名如: the New Times;书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>;以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。

10.“a +名词+and a hal