第一篇：北京市成人英语三级考试复习材料

（六）肯定与否定的某些不定代词的用法

（此句中C是错的。现在的双重否定变成肯定了。前半句还在夸历史学教授知识渊博，到了后半句突然变得不学无术了。nothing应改成anything。）

情态动词，在英文中主要用来表示说话人的看法、态度等。它很接近中文里的能愿动词。从用法上来说，它有这样几个特点：

1）各个情态动词自身都有一定的词义。2）情态动词不能在句中独立担当谓语。

3）情态动词在句中不受任何人称，性，数变化的影响。

4）情态动词后接的不定式（除ought外）都不带to，即接动词原形。

英文中的情态动词主要有：can，could，may，might，must，ought，need，dare，dared，另外，shall，will，should，would在一定的场合也可用作情态动词。例如：

He can speak five languages.他会说五种语言。

She must have arrived home by now.现在她准到家了。

We should study hard for our motherland.我们应该为祖国而努力学习。

They needn't be in such a hurry for there is enough time for them.他们还有足够的时间，用不着这么慌张。

1.常用情态动词的基本用法

can，could 能

（could可以看作是can的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相同的。当然could也有自己独特的用法。）

1）表示脑力或体力上的能力

Nobody can stop the development of science.谁也无法阻止科学的发展。

She can sing that song in English.她能用英文唱那歌。

He can submerge to a depth of about twenty meters.他能潜入约二十米深的水中。

He could hardly support his family before he found the new job.他在找到那份新工作前几乎无法养家。

I could not understand the lecture on the computer given by Mr.Smith.我听不懂史密斯先生作的那个关于计算机的讲座。

2）表示客观上的可能性

You can borrow this useful book from the library.你可以从图书馆借到这种有用的书。

A more suitable person than him for the job can not be found.不可能找到比他更适合这份工作的人了。

Now people can skate on the lake.现在人们可以在湖上滑冰了。

When the storm stopped，the plane could take off.当风暴停下来时，飞机可以起飞了不得。

3）表示主观上的允许

Can I ask you some questions about it ？

我可以问你有关这件事的几个问题吗？

You can not leave here till I come back.直到我回来你才能离开。

Such kind of thing can't happen any more later.这类事以后不准再发生了。

Can you tell me how to get to the airport ？你能告诉我怎么去机场吗？

Could you tell me how to get to the airport ？

您能告诉我怎么去机场吗？

Could I be forgiven my negligence ？请原谅我的疏忽，行吗？

4）（用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中）表示猜测、怀疑或惊诧

How can / could you be here ？你怎么会在这儿？

She couldn't / can't be so stupid to do that.她不可能蠢得去做那种事吧。

He couldn't / can't be over seventy.他不可能有七十多岁了。

Where could / can the boy be now？那孩子现在能在哪儿呢？

另外，could还常用于表示较客气委婉的看法、提问及用于虚拟语气的结构中。这时候，could就不可以看作是can的过去式了。而是could自己独特的用法。如：

Could you speak a little slowly ？

您能稍微说慢一点儿吗？

I'm afraid that we couldn't give you any definite answer at this moment.恐怕我们这时候还无法给予您任何确切的答复。

I could come earlier if asked.如果要让我早一点来，我可以来早一点。

We would appreciate it if you could offer us any help.如果您能为我们提供帮助的话，我们将不甚感激。

You could have done better if you had worked harder at it.如果你再加把劲，本来可以干得更好一些的。

may，might 或许，可能，可以

（might可以看作是may的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然may和might又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。）

1）可能性

I may be busy from tomorrow on.从明天起我可能会忙起来。

You may catch sight of the sunrise from here when you get up before 5 in the morning.你在早晨五点钟以前起来，或许能从这儿看到日出。

I wondered if they might agree with the idea.我想知道他们是否会同意这种想法。

She thought it might be wise to try her luck here.她认为在这儿碰碰运气也不错。

2）表示允许

May I come in？我可以进来吗？

I'd like to have a smoke here if I may.如果可以的话我想在这儿抽一支烟。

The librarian told her that she might return the book to the library in three days.图书馆理员告诉她说，她可以在三天后还那本书。

At the press conference，a news reporter asked the chairman if she might trouble him with a question about Taiwan issue.在记者招待会上，一位新闻记者问大会主席她是否能提一个有关台湾问题方面的问题。

3）may间或用来表示祝愿，也常用于表示目的或让步的状语从句中：

May that day come soon.但愿这天早日到来。

May you succeed in winning the first prize in the game.祝愿你比赛夺冠成功。

May you continue in your efforts and achieve greatersuccesses.祝愿你继续努力并取得更大的成功。表示极有可能发生某事

As an auto repairman，Dick ought to know what is wrong with the car.狄克作为一个汽车修理工总该知道这部车的毛病所在吧。

If we set off right now，we ought to be able to get there in time.如果我们马上出发，我们应当能够按时到达那里。

Tomorrow ought to be a nice day for we have such a fine sunset today.今天有这么好的晚霞，明天准是个晴天。

need（用于否定句和疑问句）需要

There are still one and a half hours to go，we needn't be insuch a hurry.还有一个半小时，我们无需如此慌慌张张。

I hardly need say how much we missed you.不用说我们是多么想念你啊。

Need you go so soon ？你需要这么早就去吗？

You need have no anxiety on my account.你不必为我而着急。

dare，dared（用于否定句、疑问句和疑问句）敢

Dare you stay here alone in the night ？ 你敢在夜里呆在这儿吗？

Nobody dared mention that matter.没有人敢提那件事。

How dared you say that to her ？ 你怎么敢对她说那件事？

Even if you dare do it，I won't allow you to because it's too dangerous.即使你敢做，我也会让你做那件事，因为太危险了

shall 用作情态动词时，适用于第二人称和第三人称。

主要表示下面几层意思：

1）许诺

You shall hear everything directly you come.你一来就可以听到一切了。

“Whatever you want you shall have，”said the Fairy.仙女说：“你想得到什么，你就可以有什么。”

I don't want to be hard on your daughter ；she shan't be pressed.我不想对你女儿太严厉，她不会太受压的。

I promise that you shall see her again before long.我保证你不久就能再见到她。

2）命令

You shall come to my office immediately.你必须马上来我的办公室。

She shall not stay in my garden.她不可以呆在我的花园里。

He shall not come into my study.不许他进我的书房。

You shall do as you are told.按告诉你的那么做。

3）决心（表示某事一定会发生）

That day shall come.那一天一定会到来。

It has been decided that he shall be given the job.肯定给他那份工作的事已经定下来了。

This law shall come into effect on January 1st 2001.这个法律于2001年元月1日生效。

4）规定

Each competitor shall wear a number.每个参赛者要佩戴一个数字标。

The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly state.租赁者要保持房屋整洁有序。

The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after receipt of the goods.卖方十月以前装运，买方在收到货物后十五天内付款。

should（用作情态动词时，有时表示具体的意思，有时却没有意义。主要用于下面几个方面。）

1）表示出于职责、义务该做某事

You shouldn't come to such a decision hastily.你不应该匆匆忙忙地作出这么一个决定。

You should write to your parents at least once a month.你应该至少每月给你父母亲写一封信。

We should read English aloud every morning.我们应该每天早晨朗读英文。

They should do it for their own good.为了他们自己利益他们应该做这件事。

2）表示对某种情况的估计

She shouldn't be out in such an early morning.她不会这么一大早就出去了吧。

The effect of the tax should be felt in higher prices.人们可能会从各种上涨的物价中感觉到这种税的影响的。

The event should lead them to a even worse economic crisis.这次事件可能会将他们引向更严重的经济危机。

This book should be published in two months at most.这本书最多两个月后就会出版的。

3）表示惊讶、失望等情绪

I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so miserable.我认为，竟然每个人都如此伤心就太糟糕了。

Why should I pay him for nothing ？ 我干吗要无为地付给他钱？

It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.这件事竟然发生在我身上似乎太不公平了。

It's strange that it should be so cold today.奇怪，今天怎么会这么冷。

4）用于某些从句中表示虚拟语气

The doctor insisted that the girl should be hospitalized.大夫坚持认为那个女孩要住院治疗。

If it had not been for the doctor's care the girl should not be speaking to you now.要不是由于大夫的精心照料，这个女孩现在就不能与你说话了。

She stood away so that he should enter the room first.她让到一边，好让他第一个进入房间。

I'll write it down lest I should forget it 我将它记下以免遗忘。

Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.带上雨伞，以防万一下雨。

will，would

（would可以看作是will的过去式，这两个词除了时态不相同外，在表达意思的许多方面是相近的。当然will 和would又都有一些各自不同的独特用法。）

1）用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求（在这种用法中would使语气更为客气、委婉）

Will you tell her that I'll be back in twenty minutes ？

请告诉她我二十分钟后回来，好吗？

If you want help，just let me know，will you ？

你需要帮助就告诉我，好吗？

Won't you come in and have a little whisky ？

你要不要进来喝一点儿威士忌？（或是：你进来喝一点儿威士忌，好吗？）

Would you tell me how to get to the shopping center ？

您能告诉我怎么去购物中心吗？

2）用于表示愿望

Go where you will.去你想去的地方吧。

I will pay you at the rate you ask.我会按你要的利率付给你钱的。

He wouldn't let the doctor take his blood pressure.他不愿意让大夫给他量血压。

They had to obey whether they would or not.他们不得不遵从他们的意愿。3）表示习惯、倾向（可译成“总是会、老是，等”）

Sometimes the cat will lie there all afternoon.有时侯，那只猫总是整个下午都躺在那儿。

Oil and water will not mix.油和水决不能调和。

He would sit there for hours，doing nothing at all.他总是在那儿一坐就是几个小时，什么都不干。

4）表示猜测（可译成“一定是„„、想必„„，等”）

This will be the house you're looking for.这想必就是你要找的房子吧。

He will have gone back to New Zealand.他一定是回新西兰去了。

The person you mentioned would be the father，is that right ？

你说的那个人一定是爸爸了，对吗？

That would be in 1999，I think.那大概是在1999年吧。

5）will用于表示决心（可译成“一定要，决心，等”）

We will never talk about that subject again.我们决不会再谈论这个话题了。

I will make this computer work even if I have to stay up all night.我即使整晚不睡觉也一定要让这台计算机工作起来。

6）would常用于虚拟条件句，表示与事实相反或不太可能实现的情况。

But for your help we would have been late.要不是你帮忙我们就迟到了。

Well，I wouldn't worry about it.It won't do me any good.7

好了，我不会担心那件事的，因为它不会给我带来什么好处。

2.关于情态动词后面接进行式和完成式的情况

一般说来，“进行式”表示动作正在发生或进行；“完成式”则表示动作是发生在过去或是表示按理是发生了但事实上却没有发生。下面我们分别讨论一下各种具体情况。

A.关于情态动词后面接进行式的情况

can后面接进行式 表示可能正在发生的动作，例如：

What can she be doing at this moment ？这个时候她会在做什么呢？

You can't be telling us the truth.你不可能在对我将真话。

Can he be still thinking of it I told him ？

他会不会还在考虑我告诉他的那件事呢？

may后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作，例如：

Your mother may be waiting for you to return home.你妈妈可能正等着你回家吧。

She may be leaving for New York tomorrow or some day.她或许明天或者什么时候会动身去纽约。

They may be returning back before Christmas.他可能圣诞节前回来。

might后面接进行式表示可能正在发生的动作，例如：

They might be planning to make a loan for their new project.他们也许在为他们的新项目策划贷款的事。

She might still be crying for being wronged.她或许因为受了冤枉还在啼哭。

You might be telling me a lie.你也许在对我撒谎。

must后面接进行式 表示想必正在做某事，例如：

You must be thinking where I learned it.你一定在想我是从哪儿知道这件事的。

They must be following us just a little behind us.他们肯定在离我们不远的地方尾随着我们。

My brother must be sleeping in bed for it's so quiet in the house.家里这么安静，我弟弟一定在床上睡觉。

should后面接进行式表示应该正在做某事，例如：

You should be doing your exercises instead of watching TV.8

现在你该在做作业而不是看电视。

You shouldn't be thinking about the solution only in one way.你不应该只用一种方法考虑解决问题的办法。

Why should I be waiting here without doing anything ？

我凭什么在这儿白等。

B.关于情态动词后面接完成式的情况

can后面接完成式 表示可能已经做了某事。例如：

He can't have left home because the television is on.因为电视还开着所以他不会离开家了。

Where can they have gone ？他们会去了哪儿呢？

You can't have finished the novel so soon.你不可能这么快就看完了那本小说。

could后面接完成式 表示本可能发生或本可以做的事而没有发生或没有做；它的否定形式则表示本不可能发生或本不可以做的事而已经发生或已经做了。例如：

The output could have been increased by 15%.产量本可以提高百分之十五的。

How could he have forgotten him birthday ？他怎么会忘了自己的生日呢？

Judging from her appearance and manner，she couldn't have been over fifty years old.从她的仪表和举止来看，她不可能已有五十多岁了。第一，虚拟语气。它主要可分为以下情况：

A，表建议，要求，命令的动词，及与其相关的名词、形容词或分词，后面的从句中都要用should+动词原形作谓语，should可省略。

B，某些特殊的形容词，后面常跟虚拟语气。这一点要尤其注意。

C，wish后表示与现实相反的愿望时要用虚拟语气。

D，would rather后若加从句则要用过去式表示虚拟语气，也可以直接加do sth宁愿做„。

E，If引导的条件状语中，表示与现在情况相反的假设，表示与过去情况相反的假设时。

虚拟语气这个考点在近两年当中出现的考分这两年稍微偏高，这一点尤其大家要格外的关注一些。

第二，定语从句。

这次考试对定语从句的考察是重点考察关系词选择和非限定性定语从句。关系词的选择 关键要从其在从句中担任着的成分决定的，而不是在主句中的。非限定性定语从句通常由逗号与修饰的名词相隔开，而且只能由which，who，whom，whose引导，其中which既可以指物，也可以指前面一整句话，这一点大家一定要注意。另外介词和上面的关键词连用构成符合关系词的情况也很多。

第三，反意疑问句。

可以有两点，句子本身含有否定意义的时候，比如seldom后面用肯定形式的反问。第二，考察祈使句的反问，对陈述部分是肯定句的祈使句。第三，I think，I believe，I suppose等表示主观看法的句子，其反意疑问句由后面的宾语从句相对应。

第四，倒装句。倒装句一共有三项应该注意：

A，only后面加状语，并放于句首时，句子用倒装；而当其修饰其它成分时不倒装。

B，表示否定意义的副词或短语，如seldom，never，rarely，in no time。

C，注意Hardly/scarcely/barely had sb done„when这一句型，表示„就„（as soon as后不加倒装）

第五，主谓一致。

A，当主语后跟有with，together with，as well as，but，except等短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

B，表示时间，距离，金钱，速度等的数量词作主语时，通常将其看作是一个整体，为单数。

C，就近原则either„or„，neither„nor„，not only„but also„等结构作主语时，由第二个词后的名词决定谓语形式。

第六，强调句。

大家记住强调句的基本结构it is/was+强调部分that/who（人）+句子中其他成分。

大家记住这个结构之后，在这次考试当中它有可能在单选题当中占到两到四分。

第七，连词的辨析。

*that：可引导同位语从句、表语从句、主语从句、宾语从句等；that在这些从句中无实际含义，也不担任任何成分。

*So+形容词/副词that„such+（冠词或形容词）名词that，表示如此„以至于。

*what：可引导名词性从句，并在从句中担任主语、宾语等。

*wheher„or„/whether or no„是否„，if则无此用法。

*by加表示过去的时间，则主句用过去完成时；加现在，则主句用现在完成时；加将来时间，则主句用将来完成时。

*时间状语，条件状语还有某些让步状语中，不出现将来时，要用现在式表示将来时。

*分辨一下表示因和果的连词，表示转折的连词，容易出选择题。

八，省略句。

在一些时间，条件或让步状语从句中，当主句和从句的主语相同，而从句为主系结构时（即有be），可将从句主语和系动词一起省略。

九，现在分词作状语。

A，在某些动词或词组后常用现在分词作状语，对前面内容进行补充。

B，还可表示时间状语。有时要用完成形式，表示动作已经在主句动作前先完成。

C，现在分词短语还可作原因状语。

D，有时还可表示伴随情况或方式。

E，注意在一些动词短语中to为介词，后加名词或动名词。

虚拟语气是英语中一种重要的语气形式，也是英语语法中一个重要的语法点。

由于虚拟语气所涉及的内容比较广，一些语法书对其的阐述也很繁杂，所以同学们在学习过程中很难掌握其用法，在使用过程中或考试时也很容易出错。为了便于大家理解和记忆，网校对虚拟语气作了一个“新”归纳，供大家参考。

虚拟语气的使用主要体现在三个方面：虚拟条件句、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用，以及虚拟语气的一些特殊用法。

虚拟条件句

虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设，所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。具体情况请看下表：

例句：

1）表示与现在事实相反

If I had enough money now，I would lend it to you.If I were you，I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.2）表示与过去事实相反

If he had taken your advice，he wouldn't have made such a bad mistake.She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadn't been very busy.3）表示与将来事实相反

I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to do it again，he could certainly achieve more.1.虚拟条件句的倒装

在虚拟条件句中，为了强调所假设条件的虚拟性，或突出说话人的一种主观愿望，虚拟条件句可用倒装结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if，把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的。例如：

Had I been（= If I had been）in that situation，I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Should there be（= If there should be）a drought，what should we do at that time ？

2.错综时间条件句

有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间并不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所要表示的具体时间来决定。例如：

If we hadn't been working hard in the past few years，things wouldn't be going so smoothly.If the Party hadn't led the Chinese people to liberate the country，Chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.3.含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语（如：with，otherwise，without，but for，in that position）、上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。例如：

But for the help from you，I would not have had the chance to go to college.I would never mind you making such loud noises，but，you see，my baby is in a deep sleep.It was so quiet ；you could have heard a pin drop.虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用

在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气，表示愿望、建议或命令等。根据虚拟语 气的形式不同，虚拟语气可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。

一、should类

这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的，should可以省略。其具体运用体现在：

1.在suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。

如：

He suggests that she should leave the house at once.The leader ordered that the task（should）be finished as soon as possible.He proposed that we（should）deal with the problem by the view of development.2.与suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion，order，demand，proposal 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：

The general sent the order that the battle（should）be held on untilthe complete failure of the enemy.My proposal is that we（should）set a deadline for handing in the plan.3.在It is/was suggested（ordered，demanded，proposed，etc.）结构以及necessary，essential，important，strange，natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：

It's requested that we（should）keep the stability of the society for the people's peaceful life.It is necessary that the badly wounded man（should）be treated immediately

二、过去时态类

英语中，还有一些词或短语后接的从句或句子，也要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态（如：一般过去时、过去完成时等）来体现的。

1.wish，would rather 后的宾语从句。如：

He wished he had never been involved in such affairs.I would rather you could teach me again.2.as if，as though引导的从句。如：

The little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.13

He acted as usual as though nothing had happened.3.由if only（要是„„，那该多好啊！）引导的惊叹句。如：

If only I had passed the test！

If only it stopped raining！

4.It is（about/high）time 后的定语从句。如：

It is time we went out for a walk.It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.虚拟语气的其它用法

在英语中，一些表示建议、请求、劝告、愿望、祈祷、祝福或诅咒的句子，也需要使用虚拟语气。如：

Would you mind smoking here ？

May you be lucky！

Long live the people of China！

God save me.一、区分可数名词和不可数名词

例1：___great progress he has made！

A.How B.How a C.What D.What a

此题应选C。容易误选D，误认为progress是可数名字。此题命题者主要考察了两个方面的问题：一是感叹句句型；二是名词progress的可数性。

感叹句的基本结构是：

1）how+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！

2）what+（a/an）+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！（主语为不可数名词或复数形式，其前不用a/an）

英语中除了像air，water，milk，iron等这些中国人一目了然的不可数名词外，还有一些不可数名词很容易弄错。其中典型的有：work（工作），news（消息），luck（运气），fun（有趣的事），home-work（家庭作业），advice（劝告、建议），harm（损害，伤害），progress（进步），information（信息、消息），weather（天气），wealth（财富），furniture（家具），luggage/baggage（行李）等。注意一下正误句型：

误：I wish you a good luck.14 正：I wish you good luck.祝你好运。

误：It's a great fun for us to be with her.正：It's great fun for us to be with her.误：He gave us some advices.正：He gave us some advice.例2：-Where does Mr Smith work？

-He works in a glass_____ around here.A.work B.works C.working D.workes

此题应选B。容易误选C，误认为：因为其前用了不定冠词a，所以不能选work（因为不可数）和works（因为是复数），D显然是错的。这里work有三个意思很容易弄混：

1、表示“工作”是不可数名词：

He has too much work to do.他要做的工作太多。

2、表示“著作”或“作品”是可数名词，但多用复数：

The man gained his wealth by printing words off amous writers.他通过印刷著名作家的作品而赢得他的财富。

3、表示“工厂”只用复数形式，但可表示单数意义：

The glass works is are near the station.玻璃工厂在车站附近。

类似地注意以下各名词因变为复数形式，而导致含义有变化：

green 绿色 greens 青菜，蔬菜 wood 木头，木材

woods 小树林 manner 方式，方法 manners 礼貌

arm 臂 arms武器 water 水

waters河川，海，温泉spirit 精神 spirits 心境 quarter 四分之一

quarters 军营 custom习惯 customs 关税 force 力气

forces 军队

例3：-Can I help you？-____，please.A.Two teas B.Two cups of teas C.Two cup teas D.Two cup of tea

此题应选A。其余几项都容易被误选。要做好此题，先要弄清tea的两种用法：

1、表示“茶”，是物质名词，不可数：

I don't like to drink tea.我不喜欢喝茶。Would you like a cup of tea？要喝杯茶吗？

2、在口语中可以表示“一杯茶”，是可数名词；

-What can I do for you？你要吃点什么？-Two teas，please.请来两杯茶。

但是值得注意的是，虽然以上两种用法都可以，但千万不要将这两种用法混杂在一起。如可以说two teas，也可以说two cupsof tea，但是不能说two cups of teas。

具有类似用法的词还有coffee（咖啡）：

1、表示“咖啡”，是物质名词，不可数：

I prefer tea to coffee.我喜欢喝茶不喜欢喝咖啡。

He served us with two cups of coffee.他用两杯咖啡招待我们。

2、在口语中可以表示“一杯咖啡”，是可数名词：

-Can I help you？你要点什么？

-Two coffees，please.请来两杯咖啡。

同时也要注意不要将以上两种用法混在一起。如可以说two coffees，也可以说two cups of coffee，但是绝对不能说two cups of coffees。

二、数词dozen，score，hundred，thousand，mil lion的用法

例 I want three_____ these eggs.A.dozen B.dozens C.dozen of D.dozens of

此题涉及两个方面的问题：一是dozen是否加词尾-s，二是其后是否接介词of.由于在这个问题上dozen与score，hundred，thousand，million极为相似，所以这里将它们放在一起叙述：

1）当这些词与具体数字连用时，不用复数形式，也不后接介词of（尽管有人认为score/dozen之后有时可接of，但惯用法认为，省略of常见）：three hundred students 300名学生/three score（of）eggs 60只鸡蛋

2）当这些词不与具体数字连用，而是表示不确定的泛指数，则不仅要用复数形式，而且要后接介词of，然后才能后接名词：thousands of students数千名学生/dozens of times几十次/mil-lions of years ago数百万年前

3）当这些词与a few，several，many等数目不很具体的词连用时，用不用复数形式均可，但是注意：不用复数形式，其后的介词of可以省略；用复数形式，其后介词of不能省略：several dozen（of）pencils/several dozens of pencils几打铅笔

4）当这些词后面的名词有了the，these，those等特指限定词修饰时，或其后接的是us，them这样的人称代词时，则此时必须用介词of：two hundred of the workers这些工人中的200人/threedozen of these eggs这些鸡蛋中的3打/four dozen of them它们中的4打

通过以上分析：此题答案显然只能是C。

三、容易弄错的集合名词

It is reported that a great number of ______died in the drought.A.cattles B.polices C.peoples D.poultry

此题应选D.其余几项均可能被误选。此题主要涉及集合名词的用法，下面将集合名词的有关用法作一归纳：

Ⅰ类：这一类包括cattle（牛），people（人），police（警察），poul-try（家禽）等，其用法特点为：只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语通常也用复数；不与a（n）连用，但可与the连用（表示总括意义和特指）：The police are looking for him.People will laugh at you.Ⅱ类：这一类包括family（家庭），team（队），class（班），audience（听众）等，其用法特点为：若视为整体，表示单数意义；若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。比较：

This class consists of 45 pupils.这个班由45个学生组成。

This class are studying English now.这个班的学生在学习英语。

Ⅲ类：这一类包括baggage/luggage（行李），clothing（衣服），furniture（家俱），machinery（机器）等，其用法特点为：是不可数名词，要用单数形式，不用不定冠词（当然更不能用数词），没有复数形式：

Our clothing protects us from against the cold.我们的衣服可以御寒。

Have you checked all your baggage？你所有行李都托运了吗？

四、means用法易错点

Every possible means_____ been tried，and wefind only______ this means can we do it well.A.have，in B.have，by C.has，in D.has，by

此题应选D。其余几项均容易被误选。这里主要涉及名词means（方式，方法，手段）的用法与搭配：

1、单复数同形（永远有词尾-s）。若用作主语，其谓语的数需根据句意来确定。比较：

1）All possible means have been tried.2）Every possible means has been tried.若句意不能明确地表明主语的单复数，其谓语则用单数或复数均可：

Is are there any other means of doing it？做这事还有其它的什么办法吗？

2、表示以某种方式、方法或手段，用介词by：

Only by this means can you do it well.只有通过这种办法你才能做好此事。

有时用by means of，意为：用，依靠：

Thoughts are expressed by means of words.思想靠语言来表达。

3、表示做某事的方法或手段，多接“of+（动）名词”：

But they had no means of cooking them.但是他们没有办法来把它们煮熟。

Taking a plane is the quickest means of getting there.去那儿最快的办法是坐飞机。

1.—— Look！He's running so fast！

—— Hard to _______ his legs were once broken.A.know B.imagine C.realize D.find

2.Of the seven days in a week，Saturday is said to be the most popular ____ for a wedding in some countries.A.way B.situation C.event D.choice

3.Would you please ______ this form for me to see if I've filled it in right？

A.take off B.look after C.give up D.go over

4.At the railway station，the mother waved goodbye to her daughter until the train was _____.A.out of sight B.out of reach C.out of order D.out of place

5.You don't look _____，what's the matter with you？

A.good B.nice C.well D.kind

6.At the foot of the hill you could hear nothing but the ______ of running water.A.shout B.noise C.voice D.sound

7.——Did he go to school when he was ten？ ——No，he taught _____ at home.A.him B.himself C.his D.he

8.How much is it _________？

A.of all B.at all C.in all D.after all

9.I _______ him to help me when I moved the heavy cupboard.A.got B.made C.had D.let

10.He has spent a large _______ of money on his new house.A.deal B.amount C.number D.piece

11.Another communication satellite was _________ last year.A.made up B.sent up C.sent off D.put off

12.It_______ me half a day to wash the dirty clothes.A.cost B.spent C.used D.took

13._______ I am late，start without me.A.Even if B.In case C.Unless D.Because

14.The girl，_____ and _______ rushed out of the dark cave.A.frightening，trembling B.frightened，trembling

C.frightened，trembled D.frightening，tremble

15._______ is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It B.What C.That D.As

16.Before making your speech，you'd better ________ your thoughts and ideas.A.collect B.gather C.get D.prepare

17.——The young man is good at a lot of things but you can't say he is ________.—— I agree with you.Actually no one is.A.wonderful B.splendid C.perfect D.complete

18.—— Would you lend me ________ paper to write ________ paper？

——Sorry，I haven't any.A.any；some B.any；a C.a；some D.some；a

19.Some people are good at ________ but bad at giving back.A.borrowing B.taking C.bringing D.lending

20.—— Mike，our team will play against the Rockets this weekend.I'm sure we will win.—— ________！

A.Good luck B.Cheers C.Best wishes D.Congratulations

21.It is reported that the floods have left about _________ people homeless.A.two thousand B.two-thousands C.two thousands D.two thousands of

22.Work gets done ______ when people do it together，and the rewards are higher too.19

A.easily B.very easy C.more easily D.easier

23.The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ______.A.to be heard B.to have heard C.hearing D.being heard

24.—— My cat's really fat.—— You ______ have given her so much food.A.wouldn't B.couldn't C.shouldn't D.mustn't

25.The play had already been on for quite some time when we ____ at the New Theatre.A.have arrived B.arrived C.had arrived D.arrive

26.The open-air celebration has been put off _______ the bad weather.A.in case of B.in spite of C.instead of D.because of

27.Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice，_______ they knew it to be valuable.A.as if B.now that C.even though D.so that

28.The moment I got home，I found I my jacket on the playground.A.had left B.left C.have left D.was leaving

29.Not until the motorbike looked almost new repairing and cleaning it.A.he stopped B.did he stop C.stopped he D.he did stop

30.He doesn't have furniture in his room ——just an old desk.A.any B.many C.some D.much

31.around the Water Cube，we were then taken to see the Bird's Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having been shown D.To show

32.The man pulled out a gold watch，_______ were made of small diamonds.A.the hands of whom B.whom the hands of C.which the hands of D.the hands of which

33.________ we will build a new power plant hasn't been decided yet.A.If B.What C.Whether D.That

34.Parents should take seriously their children's requests for sunglasses _____ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.A.because B.though C.unless D.if

35.In many places in China，bicycle is still poplar means of transportation.A.a； the B./； a C.the； a D.the； the

36.-Did you go to the show last night？

-Yeah.Every boy and girl in the area invited.A.were B.have been C.has been D.was

37.-Which of the two computer games did you prefer？-Actually I didn't like _____.A.both of them B.either of them C.none of them D.neither of them

38.It was along the Mississippi River _______ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.A.how B.which C.that D.where

39.You didn't use to like him much when we were at school，_______？

A.were we B.weren't we C.did you D.didn't you

40.-Sorry，I made a mistake again.advertisement 广告

BA —— Bachelor of Arts文科学士

BS/BSc —— Bachelor of Science理科学士

Prof.—— professor教授

Mr.—— Mister先生

VIP —— very important person重要人物，大人物

6.简化法

英语中有些单词在非正式的文体中还可能以简化的拼写方式出现，复习中需要了解的这类单词有：

fridge（冰箱）-refrigerator

flu（流感）-influenza

phone（电话）-telephone

gym（体育馆）-gymnasium 虚拟语气是英语中一种重要的语气形式，也是英语语法中一个重要的语法点。

由于虚拟语气所涉及的内容比较广，一些语法书对其的阐述也很繁杂，所以同学们在学习过程中很难掌握其用法，在使用过程中或考试时

也很容易出错。为了便于大家理解和记忆，网校对虚拟语气作了一个“新”归纳，供大家参考。

虚拟语气的使用主要体现在三个方面：虚拟条件句、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用，以及虚拟语气的一些特殊用法。

虚拟条件句

虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设，所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。具体情况请看下表：

例句：

1.表示与现在事实相反

If I had enough money now，I would lend it to you.If I were you，I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.2.表示与过去事实相反

If he had taken your advice，he wouldn't have made such a bad mistake.She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadn't been very busy.3.表示与将来事实相反

I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to do it again，he could certainly achieve more.1.虚拟条件句的倒装

在虚拟条件句中，为了强调所假设条件的虚拟性，或突出说话人的一种主观愿望，虚拟条件句可用倒装结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if，把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的。例如：

Had I been(= If I had been)in that situation，I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Should there be(= If there should be)a drought，what should we do at that time ?

2.错综时间条件句

有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间并不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所要表示的具体时间来决定。例如：

If we hadn't been working hard in the past few years，things wouldn't be going so smoothly.If the Party hadn 't led the Chinese people to liberate the country，Chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.3.含蓄条件句

有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语(如：with，otherwise，without，but for，in that position)、上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。例如：

But for the help from you，I would not have had the chance to go to college.I would never mind you making such loud noises，but，you see，my baby is in a deep sleep.It was so quiet;you could have heard a pin drop.虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用

在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气，表示愿望、建议或命令等。根据虚拟语气的形式不同，虚拟语气可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。

一、should类

这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的，should可以省略。其具体运用体现在：

1.在suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist

等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语

从句中要使用虚拟语气。

如：

He suggests that she should leave the house at once.The leader ordered that the task(should)be finished as soon as possible.He proposed that we(should)deal with the problem by the view of development.2.与suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion，order，demand，proposal 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：

The general sent the order that the battle(should)be held on untilthe complete failure of the enemy.My proposal is that we(should)set a deadline for handing in the plan.3.在It is/was suggested(ordered，demanded，proposed，etc.)结构以及necessary，essential，important，strange，natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：

It's requested that we(should)keep the stability of the society for the people's peaceful life.It is necessary that the badly wounded man(should)be treated immediately 模拟

Part I Reading Comprehension（30%）

Directions：There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D.You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.What exactly is a lie？Is it anything we say which we know is untrue？Or is it something more than that？For example，suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you.You say “I wish I could help you but I'm short of money myself.” In fact，you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debt and you don't want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this.Is this rally a lie？

Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying.（76）According to him，women are better liars than men，particularly when telling a “white lie”，such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful.However，this is only one side of the story.Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies，such as making a promise which they have no intension of fulfilling.This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at：the lie from which the liar hopes to profit or gain in some way.Research has also been done into the way people's behavior changes in a number of small，apparently unimportant ways when they lie.It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time，they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual.To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now.” They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often，in particular the nose.One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure.The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressures make it itch.Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Manwatching calls “the mouth cover”。（77）He says there are several typical forms of this，such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers，touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth.Such a gesture can be understood as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying.Of course，such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth，or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying.They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation.It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things，and in particular the context in which the lie is told.1.According to the passage，a “white lie” seems to be a lie

A.that other people believe

B.that other people don't believe

C.told in order to avoid offending someone

D.told in order to take advantage of someone

2.Research suggests that women 37

A.are better at telling less serious lies than men are

B.generally lie far more than men do

C.lie at parties more often than men do

D.often make promises they intend to break

3.Researchers find that when a person tells lies

A.his blood pressure increases measurably

B.he looks very serious

C.he tends to make some small changes in his behavior

D.he uses his unconscious mind

4.One reason people sometimes rub their noses when they lie is that

A.they wish they were somewhere else

B.the nose is sensitive to physical changes caused by lying

C.they want to cover their mouths

D.they are trying to stop themselves from telling lies

5.The tone of this passage tells us that the writer

A.hates to lie

B.enjoys lying

C.often tells a lie

D.tries to analyze lying

一、文章总体结构分析

全篇围绕“谎言”这一主题展开叙述：第一段通过举例及疑问的方式探讨究竟什么才算是谎言；第二段介绍了南加州大学的Jerald Jellison教授做过一个关于说谎的科学研究的结论，即男人和女人说谎是不同的，而男人更可能说更严重的谎言；第三段则介绍了说谎时行为上的一些细微的改变；第四段主要讲述了说谎时“封嘴”这一具体行为；最后又补充说明以上举止并不能构成讲话者正在说谎的证据，而是一系列的东西，特别是说谎者所说的谎言本身。

二、试题具体分析

1.「答案」C 本题考查的是考生对细节的把握，答案对应于文章第一、二段。第一段中“you don't want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this.”，第二段又用举例的方法解释了white lie的含义。这个例子就是“such as when a woman at a party tells

another woman that she likes her dress when she really think it looks awful.”

2.「答案」A 本题考查的也是考生对细节的把握，答案对应文章的第二段。该段比较了男人和女人说谎的不同，而且男人更可能说更严重的谎言。参见第二段中句子“Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies，„„”这里的比较就是与前一句中女人撒谎相比。

3.「答案」C 本题考查的也是考生对细节的把握，答案对应于第三段第一句：Research has also been done into the way people's behavior changes in a number of small，apparently unimportant ways when they lie.同样有研究侧重于当人们说谎时他们行为的一些细小的，明显的不重要的改变，很容易看出答案C与该句符合。

4.「答案」B 本题考查的也是考生对细节的把握，答案对应于第三段最后一句：The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressures make it itch.鼻尖对这样的变化非常敏感，血压的增加使得它发痒，即与B选项吻合。

5.「答案」D 此题考查的是考生对整篇短文的观点的理解。文章首先讲到男人女人说谎的不同，而后又分析说谎时人们行为方式的变化等等，所以说文章是在分析说谎。其他选项错误。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

1.In fact，you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debt and you don't want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this.实际上，你并不缺钱，但是你的这位朋友却有欠钱不还的习惯而你又不想通过提醒他这点而伤害他的感情。句子结构分析：you are not short of„but your friend is in the habit of„and you don't want to„by„；short of„缺乏„；in the habit of„养成„习惯；pay one's deb还„的债；remind sb of„提醒某人使想起„。

2.He says there are several typical forms of this，such as covering part of the mouth with the fingers，touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth.他说有几种动作形式，例如用手指掩一部分嘴，摸上嘴唇或者一个手指支在嘴角。句子结构分析：He says there are several typical forms of this，such as„；cover„with„用„遮盖。

四、核心词汇

short of„缺乏„；in the habit of„养成„习惯；pay one's deb还„的债；remind sb of„提醒某人使想起„；liar惯于说谎者；awful糟糕的；fulfill履行，实现，完成；sensitive敏感的，灵敏的；give„away出卖„；unconscious无意识的，不省人事；attempt尝试，努力，试图；rub擦，摩擦；context上下文；itch发痒；

五、全文翻译

谎言究竟是什么？是说一些我们知道不是真实的事情？还是甚于这些？例如，假设一个朋友向你借钱。你说“我希望能帮助你，但我现在自己也缺钱。”实际上，你并不缺钱，但是你的这位朋友却有欠钱不还的习惯而你又不想通过提醒他这点而伤害他的感情。这是一个真正的谎言吗？

南加州大学的Jerald Jellison教授做过一个关于说谎的科学研究。研究显示女人比男人更善于说谎，特别是说“善意的谎言”，例如在一个派对上一个女人称赞另一个女人的衣服而实际上她认为那衣服很难看。然而这只是故事的一方面。其他的研究者说男人更倾向于说一些较严重的谎言，例如承诺他们从来没想过要实现的承诺。政客和商人似乎特别擅长于此类谎言：说谎者可从谎言中获利或在某些方面得到好处。

同样有研究侧重于当人们说谎时他们行为的一些细小的，明显的不重要的改变。结果表明如果他们当时坐着，那么他们会更多的在椅子中移动。他们对受过训练的观察者承认“我希望我是在另一个地方”。他们也会更多的触摸脸部的某些部分，特别是鼻子。一个解释是因为说谎会使血压产生微小的变化。鼻尖对这样的变化非常敏感，血压的增加使得它发痒。

另一个将说谎者出卖的举动是在Desmond Morris的书《Manwatching》中提到的“封嘴”。他说有几种动作形式，例如用手指掩一部分嘴，摸上嘴唇或者一个手指支在嘴角。这样的行为可以看作是一种阻止说谎者继续说谎的下意识举动。

当然，这些举止，例如摸鼻子或者掩盖嘴唇，或者在椅子中移动都不能作为讲话者正在说谎的证据。只是这些行为在这样的情况下更容易发生。不是一个举止就可以将说谎者出卖，而是一系列的东西，特别是说谎者所说的谎言本身。Passage 2

Question 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.（78）Let children learn to judge their own work.A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time：if corrected too much，he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use.Bit by bit，he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people's.In the same way，children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught—to walk，run，climb，whistle，ride a bicycle—compare their own performances with those of more skilled people，and slowly make the needed changes.But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself.We do it all for him.We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him，or correct it unless he was made to.Let him work out，with the help of other children if he wants it，what his word says，what the answer is to that problem，whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.40

If it is a matter of right answers，as it may be in mathematics or science，give him the answer book.Let him correct his own papers.Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work？Our job should be to help the child when he tells that he can't find the way to get the right answer.Let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn，how to measure their own understanding，how to know what they know or do not know.6.According to the passage，which of the following is the best way for children to learn things？

A.Listening to skilled people's advice.B.Asking older people many questions.C.Making mistakes and having them corrected.D.Doing what other people do.7.The writer think teachers should NOT

A.give children correct answers B.allow children to make mistakes

C.point out children's mistakes to them D.let children mark their own work

8.According to the writer，teachers in school should

A.allow children to learn from each other

B.point out children's mistakes whenever found

C.correct children's mistakes as soon as possible

D.give children more book knowledge

9.According to the passage，learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are

A.different from learning other skills B.the same as learning other skills

C.more important than other skills D.not really important skills

10.The title of this passage could probably be

A.Let Us Teachers Stop Work

B.Let Us Make Children Learn

C.Let Children Correct Their Exercises

D.Let Children Learn By Themselves

一、文章总体结构分析

文章第一段主要围绕让孩子们学会判断他们自己的工作而论述，通过列举事实讲述了要

给孩子留有空间，让他们自己在学习中成长，而非总是来指导他们什么是正确的什么是不正确的；第二段主要谈论在学校老师们总是给学生指出错误，应该让学生自己发现错误，自己改正。

二、试题具体分析

6.「答案」D.本题考查的是考生对细节的把握，答案对应文章第一段，其中列举了大量事实讲述要给孩子留有空间，让他们自己在学习中成长，而并非总是来指导他们什么是正确什么不是正确。与D项更好相符。

7.「答案」C.本题考查的也是考生对细节的把握，答案对应文章第一段后两句，根据其内容我们可以知道作者认为教师不能老是给学生指出错误，应该让学生自己发现错误，自己改正。

8.「答案」A.本题考查的也是考生对细节的把握，答案对应文章第一段的内容。按照作者的意思，老师要允许孩子们彼此学习。

9.「答案」B.本题考查的也是考生对细节的把握，答案对应文章第一段第四行。

10.「答案」D.本题考查的是考生对全篇文章的理解，第一段和第二段都是讲要让孩子自己去学会技能，而不必总是老师来教一切。

三、文章长难句分析与佳句赏析

1.Let him work out，with the help of other children if he wants it，what his word says，what the answer is to that problem，whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.让他自己解决，如果他愿意的话可以在其他孩子们的帮助下，他说什么，这个问题的答案是什么，这是否是说或者做的一个好方法。

句子结构分析：Let him work out„what his word says，what the answer is to that problem，whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not.with the help of„在句中作插入语成份。而work out后面跟的是三个并列成份。

2.Let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn，how to measure their own understanding，how to know what they know or do not know.让孩子们学习那些受过教育的人们有朝一日要学习的，如何衡量他们自己的理解力，如何知道他们知道什么，不知道什么。

句子结构分析：Let the children learn what„，how to„，how to„，what„，how to„，how to„为句子的三个并列宾语从句。

四、核心词汇

Judge判断；Bit by bit逐渐地；whistle吹口哨；performance执行，行为；point out指出；work out解决；waste浪费；routine日常事务，例行公事；

五、全文翻译

让孩子们学会判断他们自己的工作。一个孩子学说话并不是通过一直地被纠正而学会的：如果被纠正的太多的话，他会停止说话。他在一天中注意他所用的语言和周围的人们用的语言的不同有上千次。一点一点地，他为使他的语言像其他人的一样而作了必要的改变。同样地，孩子们学其他所有的事情，他们都是无师自通的——走路，跑，爬，吹口哨，骑自行车——将他们自己的行为和那些更熟练地人们进行比较，慢慢地做出必要的改变。但是，在学校里，我们并没有给一个孩子发现自己的错误并自己改正的机会。我们全都为他们做了。我们的做法好像是我们认为他是不会注意到错误的，除非为他指出来，或者是他是不会改正错误的，除非我们让他改正。让他自己解决，如果他愿意的话可以在其他孩子们的帮助下，他说什么，这个问题的答案是什么，这是否是说或者做的一个好方法。

如果是一个正确答案的问题，像是数学或者是科学，给他们答案书。让他们自己更正自己的作业。为什么我们老师要浪费时间在如此程序化的事情上呢？我们的工作是在孩子说他找不到得到正确答案的方法时给他帮助。让孩子们学习那些受过教育的人们有朝一日要学习的，如何衡量他们自己的理解力，如何知道他们知道什么，不知道什么。Passage 3

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage：

（79）John had bought a packet of cigarettes just before we caught the train and he offered me one as we settled ourselves in our compartment.We were on our way back from a camping holiday；we had lived rough for over a fortnight and even a cigarette was a luxury at that moment.I felt in my pocket for a box of matches，but could not find any.“I haven't got any either，” said John.Sitting opposite to us was a man whose face was hidden by a newspaper.“Excuse me，sir，”said John，leaning across.“Could you give me a light，please？”

The newspaper was lowered to reveal a rather elderly man with a stern face.“This is a no smoking compartment，”the man said.He indicated the notice near the window.We apologized and put away our unlit cigarettes.（80）The man went on，in a rather more kindly way，to warn us against the dangers of smoking.“I speak as a doctor，”he concluded，and after that he went back to reading

his newspaper.When he got out a few stations later，he left his newspaper behind him.We picked it up，eager to find out what had happened while we were on holid