机械工程专业英语文章翻译

第一篇:机械工程专业英语文章翻译
机
械 题目:学号:班级:数控姓名:康振平
工 程 专 业 英 语
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing 20110334304 121
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
计算机辅助设计与制造
Computer-aided design(CAD)involves the use of computers to create design drawings and product models.Computer-aided design is usually associated with interactive computer graphics(known as a CAD system).Computer-aided design systems are powerful tools and are used in the mechanical design and geometric modeling of products and components.计算机辅助设计(CAD)是指用计算机来创造设计图纸和产品模型。计算机辅助设计通常是与交互式计算机图形学(称为CAD系统)有关系的。计算机辅助设计系统是功能强大的工具,被用于在机械设计以及产品和零件的几何建模。
In CAD,the drawing board is replaced by electronic input and output devices.When using a CAD system,the designer can conceptualize the object to be designed more easily on the Graphics screen and can consider alternative designs or modify a particular design quickly to meet the necessary design requirements or changes.The designer can then subject the design to a variety of engineering analyses and can identify potential problems(such as an excessive load or deflection).The speed and accuracy of such analyses far surpass what is available from traditional methods.在CAD(计算机辅助设计)中,传统的画图板被电子输入和输出设备所替换。当使用CAD系统时,设计者可以使对象概念化以便更容易在图形屏幕上设计,并且可以考虑替代设计或快速地修改一个特定的设计来达到必要的设计要求或变化。因而设计者可以提供多种工程分析并且可以识别潜在的问题(如过负荷或变形)。这些分析的速度和准确性都远远超过了传统的方法。
Draft productivity rises dramatically.When something is drawn once,it never has to be drawn again.it can be retrieved from a library ,and can be duplicated, stretched, sized, and changed in many ways without having to be redrawn。Cut and paste techniques are used as labor-saving aids.设计生产率的提高是显著的。当某些图形被绘制一次后,就没必要再画第二次。它可以从图形库中恢复,可以被复制,拉伸,改变大小,和其他许多方面的改变而无需重新绘制。剪切和粘贴技巧作为节省劳力的助手被使用。
CAD makes possible multiview 2D drawings,and the drawings can be reproduced in different levels of reduction and enlargement.It gives the mechanical engineer the ability to magnify even the smallest of components to ascertain if assembled components fit properly.Parts with different characteristics,such as movable or stationary,can be assigned different colors on the display.CAD使二维图纸多重视图变为可能,并且图形可以在大小不同的图层里重生。它使机械工程师有能力放大甚至最小的部件来确定构件是否装配合适。对于具有不同特性的零部件,如移动或静止,可以指定不同的颜色在显示屏上标示。
have even more freedom with the advent of 3-D parts and manipulate them in endless variations to achieve the desired results.Through finite element analysis,stresses can be applied to be a computer model and the results graphically displayed,giving the designer quick feedback on any inherent problems in a design before the creation of a physical prototype.随着三维建模的出现设计师有了更多自由和无限制的修改它们以实现所期望的结果。通过有限元分析,应力加到计算机模型上并且以图形化的方式显示其结果,在产品物理原型生产之前,对设计中的任何内在问题给设计者一个快速的反馈。Designers In addition to the design’s geometric and dimensional features,other information(such as a list of materials,specification,and manufacturing instructions)is stored in the CAD database.Using such information ,the designer can then analyze the economics of alternative designs.除了设计的几何和尺寸特性之外,其他信息(比如材料清单、规格、和制造说明)都存储在CAD数据库里。利用这些信息,设计师可以分析备选设计的经济性。Computer-aided manufacturing(CAM)involves the uses of computers and computer technology to assist in all the phases of manufacturing a product,including process and production planning,machining,scheduling,management,and quality control.Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing are often combined into CAD/CAM systems.计算机辅助制造(CAM)包括使用计算机和计算机技术来协助制造产品的所有阶段,包括工艺和生产计划,加工,调度,管理,和质量控制。计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造常常是和CAD / CAM系统相结合的。
This combination allow the transfer of information from the design stage into the stage of
planning for the manufacture of a product,without the need to reenter the data on part geometry manually.The database developed during CAD is stored; then it is processed further,by CAM,into the necessary data and instructions for operating and controlling production machinery,material-handling equipment,and automated testing and inspection for product quality.这种组合允许一个产品的信息从设计阶段传递到加工规划阶段,而不需要手动重新输入几何部件的数据。计算机辅助设计研发期间存储在数据库,然后通过计算机辅助制造进一步处理,一直到必要的数据和指令的操作和控制生产机械、物料搬运设备,自动化测试和检验产品质量。
In machining operations,an important feature of CAD/CAM is its capability to describe the tool path for various operations,such as NC turning,milling,and drilling.The instructions(programs)are computer generated,and they can be modified by the programmer to optimize the tool path.The engineer or technician can then display and visually check the tool path for possible tool collisions with fixtures or other interferences.The tool path can be modified at any time,to accommodate other part shapes to be machined.在机械加工中,CAD/CAM的一个重要特征是它有可以描述刀具运动轨迹的能力,如数控车削,铣削,钻孔。指令(程序)是计算机生成的,它们可以由程序员修改优化刀具路径。工程师或技术员可以显示和检查刀具路径可能与夹具或其他干扰工具碰撞。刀具路径可以随时修改,以适应其他部分的形状被加工。
Some typical applications of CAD/CAM are:(a)programming for NC,CNC,and industrial robots;(b)design of tools and fixtures and EDM electodes;(c)quality control and inspection,for instance,coordinate-measuring machines programmed on a CAD/CAM workstation;(d)process planning and scheduling ;and(e)plant layout.CAD / CAM的一些典型应用是:(a)数控编程,计算机数控编程和工业机器人;(b)工具和夹具以及电火花电极的设计;(c)质量控制和检查,例如,在CAD / CAM工作站上的坐标测量机编程;(d)工艺规划与调度;和(e)工厂布局。
The emergence of CAD/CAM has had a major impact on manufacturing,by standardizing product development and by reducing design effort,tryout,and prototype work;it has made possible significantly reduced costs and improved productivity.The two-engine Boeing 777 passenger airplane,for example, was designed completed by computer(paperless design).The plane is constructed directly from the CAD/CAM software developed(an enhanced CATIA system)and no prototypes or mockups were built,such as were required for previous models.CAD/CAM的出现对制造业产生了重大影响,通过产品开发的标准化和减少设计工作量,试用,和原型的工作;它有可能大大降低成本和提高生产力。例如双引擎的波音777客机就是由计算机设计完成(无纸化设计)。这架飞机直接从CAD/CAM软件开发(增强CATIA系统)并没有建立原型或实物模型的情况下制造出来,如以前所需要的的模型。
第二篇:机械工程专业英语_翻译
spark-igniton engine 电火花式发动机 acceptance sampling 认可采样 accessing 访问 accurate 准确的 acoustic 声学的 actuator 作动器 alternator 交流发动机 analog sensor 模拟传感器
analog-to-digital converter 模数转换器 armature 电枢
Artificial intelligence 人工智能 artificial neural networks 神经网络 as a general rule of thumb 按惯例 assumption 假设
asynchronous AC motors 异步交流电动机asynchronous 不同时的,异步的 bargains 讨价还价 bear on 生成 binomial 二项的 Brake system 制动系统
brushed/brushless motors 有刷/无刷电机 built into 内建
By the same token 出于同样的原因 capacitor Start 电容器启动(电动机)catastrophically 毁灭性地 charging circuit 充电电路 Charging system 供电系统 chassis 车身底盘
compression-ignition engine 压然式发动机 coil high-tension cables 线圈高压电缆 compartment 间隔间,车厢 Compound wound 复励 concerned with 与有关 concise 简洁
conductivity 传导率constant load 定常负载 contracts 合同 Converter 转换器
corporate activities 公司的行为 credited letters 对账单 cylinder 汽缸
data acquisition 数据拾取defectives 缺陷产品 derived from 起源于
destructive inspection 有损检测 Detect 检测
diesel/compression-ignition engine 柴油机 Differential 差速器
dimensions of parts 零件的尺寸 dissipate 耗尽,用完 distribution 分发 distributor 分电器
downgrade to a lower quality level 信用等级下调 dynamic braking 动态制动
Electricalsystem 电气系统electrical equipment 电气装置 electrical schematics 电气原理图 electrical system 供电系统
electromechanical system 机电系统electromechanical 机电的 eliminate 排除 emphasis on 强调 equivalent 相等的 Essential 基本的 establish 建立
expert system 专家系统
fiber-optic sensor 光纤传感器fiber-optic sensors 光纤传感器 Fiber-optic 光纤 field service 现场服务 flaws 有缺点的 flux 通量 flywheel 飞轮
fractional horsepower(rating)小功率电动机 fractional 部分的,分数的 functional 功能的gasoline/spark-ignition engine 汽油机 Gas-turbine engine汽轮机 generate 产生 geographic 地理的Gross domestic product 总产值heat engines 热机 high-tension 高压的 hood(发动机)罩 humidity 湿度 hyperbolic 双曲线的hysteresis motors磁滞式电动机 hysteresis 滞后作用,磁滞式 hysteresis:磁滞现象ignition coil 点火线圈Ignition system点火系统 imbalance 不平衡,不均衡 imperfect 不合格的 impetus 推动,激励 in terms of 根据
increase or decrease the slip speed of the rotor 增减转子的滑动速率
induction motor 感应式电机 induction 电磁感应
information technologies 信息技术 inherent 固有的initial impetus 最初的发展 Inorganic materials 无机材料 inspect 检查
Instrument servo motor 仪表伺服电机 internal combustion engine 内燃机
internal combustion 内燃机 invoices 发票
irreversible 不可逆转的leading power factor 超前功率因数 load torque负载扭矩Logicf unction 逻辑功能 logistic support 后勤保障 log-normal 对数正态的 low-tension 低压的 Magnetic slip 电磁转差率 maintained 保留 makes up for 弥补 manipulate 操纵 marginal cost 边际成本 medium 中间,媒介
mercury thermometer 水银温度计 Missile flight tracking导弹飞性追踪 moment of inertia 转动惯量 monitoring 监视
motor winding电机绕组:
national codes and standards 国标 negotiate 谈判
nondestructive inspection 无损检测 nondestructive 无损检测
Nonmentallicmaterials非金属材料 operating practice 实际操作 permanent magnet 永磁
permanent split capacitor 固定分相的电容器 permeability 渗透性 places the order 下订单 Poisson distributions 泊松分布 Polar inertia极惯性矩poly-phase AC motors 多相交流电动机 polyphase 多相的 Power factor功率因数
Price-performance ratio 性价比 Principal component 主要部件 proximity sensor 接近传感器 purchase order 订单 quality assurance 质量保证 quality in conformance 产品移植性 raw materials 原材料 Rear wheel drive后轮驱动
regenerative braking 再生制动,反馈制动 regenerative 再生的,反馈的reluctance 磁阻repulsion induction 推斥式感应repulsion start 推斥式启动 reversible 可逆的 Rotational speed转速
rotor magnetic field rotate 转子磁场运动 sampling 采样 scheme 安排
schemes 方案 scrapped 抛弃
semi-finished parts 半成品 sensor fusion 传感器融合Series wound串励shaded pole 屏蔽极式 Sheet metal shell金属板壳 Shunt wound并励 Shut-off关断
signs the agreement 签合同 single phase 单相的 smart sensor 智能传感器 somewhat 稍微,有点
sophistication 复杂性,完善化,采用先进技术spark plug cables 火花塞电缆 spark plug 火花塞 specifications 指标
speed transducer 速度传感器 split phase 分相式 squirrel cage 鼠笼式
Starting system 启动系统statistical 统计的 统计学 统计学的 steering systems 方向系统 steering 转向器 stepper motors 步进电机 strain 应变 sufficient 足够的surface treatment 表面处理surroundings 环境
Suspension system悬挂系统 suspension 悬架
switch 开关,转换器synchronous AC motors 同步交流电动机 synchronous 同时的Tactile sensing 触觉传感技术 technique-based decision 技术决策 tends to 倾向于 tenet 原则
tensile tests 拉伸实验 tensile 可拉长的 tensile 张力,拉力
the induction motor operates near the ferquency of the input source:感应式电动机在接近输入电源频率下运行。The internal combustion engine 内燃机 Tolerance levels公差等级 Torque 扭矩
torque-speed curves 转矩-速度曲线 traceability 可描绘
traditional business 传统商务 transmission systems 传动系统 transmission 变速器 trunk deck 行李箱盖
two-value capacitor start 两价电容器启动
ubiquitous 普遍存在的 ultrasonic 超声的,超声波 universal motor 交直流两用电动机 utilize 利用
variability 可变的 可变性 vehicle 车辆
Visual sensing视觉传感技术 voltage regulator 电压调整器 Weight distribution 质量分配 Winding current绕住电流
with the emergence of digital signal processors and microcontrollers 随着数字信号处理器和控制器的出现 wound rotor induction motor绕线转子电动机 wound rotor 绕线转子
第三篇:机械工程专业英语唐一平翻译
Unit1 1.2Ferrous Metals and Alloys By virtue of their wide range of mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, ferrous metals and alloys are among the most useful of all metals.Ferrous metals and alloys contain iron as their base metal: the general categories are cast irons, carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, tool and die steels.1.2黑色金属及其合金:
由于它们的一系列广泛的机械物理和化学的特征,黑色金属及其合金是所有金属中最有用的铁是黑色金属及其合金中的基本元素主要种类有铸铁,碳钢,合金钢,不锈钢,工具钢和磨具钢
The term cast iron refers to a family of ferrous alloys composed of iron, carbon(ranging from 2.11% to about 4.5%),and silicon(up to about 3.5%).Cast irons are usually classified as follows: 1.Gray cast iron,or gray iron;2.Ductile cast iron, nodular cast iron, or spherical graphite cast iron;3.White cast iron;4.Malleable iron;5.Compacted graphite iron。(),它包含铁碳(2.5%—4.5%)和硅(3.5%)铸铁的分类如下1.灰铸铁2.球墨铸铁3.白口铸铁4.可锻铸铁5.如墨铸铁
The equilibrium phase diagram relevant to cast irons is shown in Fig.1.1,in which the right boundary is 100% carbon,that is pure graphite.The eutectic temperature is 1154hC(2109hF), and so cast irons are completely liquid at temperatures lower than those required for liquid steels.Consequently, iron with high carbon content can be cast at lower temperatures than can steels.有关铸铁的平衡相图如图1.1所示 其右边界是100%的碳 那是纯石墨,其共晶温度是1154℃因此铸铁可以在比那些熔化钢更低的温度下完全液化所以含碳量较高的铸铁的浇注温度比钢低。
Carbon steels are generally classified by their proportion(by weight)of carbon content.1.Low-carbon steel, also called mild steel, has less than 1.30% carbon.It is generally used for common industrial products, such as bolts,nuts, sheet, plate, and tubes, and for machine components that do not require high strength.3.碳钢:碳铜大体上是按碳含量的臂力来分类的
1)低碳钢又叫做软钢其碳含量小于0.30%它用于普遍的工业产品,例如螺栓,螺母。钢板,港片钢管和那些强度要求不高的机器零件
Unit5 5.1 Introduction
Conventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single-or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips.Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations.Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools.Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes.However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes.Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.传统机加工是利用单刃或多刃刀具以切削形式去除材料的(一组)加工方法。金属切削就是利用机加工的方法去除材料,传统机加工都是利用不用的刀具在车床,钻床和铣床上进行的,与成型加工,模压制件和铸造工艺相比,机加工的准备成本还是比较低的。然而,如果是大批量生产,其成本要高得多,当对零件的光洁度和尺寸公差要求较高时,机加工是必须的。
5.2 Turning and Lathe
Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations.In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface.Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part.Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.5.1 车削与车床
沿工件进给,切掉多余的材料,最后形成要求的圆柱型表面,车削可以加工外表面以形成轴对称的成型零件,从怀表的零件到大型螺旋角零件轴都可以在车床上加工。
车削是金属切削加工中最常用的方法之一。在车削过程中,一个工件绕其轴线回转,单刃车刀 Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on a lathe.除了车削,一些其它的操作也可以在车床上完成。
Boring and internal turning.Boring and internal turning are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal cutting tools.If the initial workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first.The drilling tool is held in the tailstock, and the latter is then fed against the workpiece.When boring is done in a lathe, the work usually is held in a chuck or on a face plate.Holes may be bored straight, tapered, or to irregular contours.Boring is essentially internal turning while feeding the tool parallel to the rotation axis of the workpiece.镗削和车内圆:利用镗杆或合适的内圆车刀可以进行镗削和车内圆。工件毛坯如果是实心的,首先要钻孔,钻头安装在尾架上,后者向工件进给,如果在车床上进行镗削,工件一般安装在卡盘活花盘上。镗出的孔可以是盲孔、锥孔或者不规则的轮廓,当工具与回转轴平行进给时,镗削实际上是车削。
Unit7
Quality and accuracy are major considerations in making parts or structures.Interchangeable parts require a high degree of accuracy to fit together.With increasing accuracy or less variation in the dimension, the labor and machinery required to manufacture apart is more cost intensive.Any manufacturer should have a thorough knowledge of the tolerances to increase the quality and reliability of a manufactured part with the least expense.在制造机器零件和结构的过程中,质量和精度是最重要的因素。互换性零件需要有高精度以实现相互配合。随着精度的增加和尺寸变化的减小,制造零件所需的劳动力和机器更趋于成本密集型,制造商应该对公差有全面的了解,并以最小的成本提高加工零件的质量和可靠性。
An engineering drawing must be properly dimensioned in order to convey the designer’s intent to the end user.Dimensions of parts given on blueprints and manufactured to those dimensions should be exactly alike and fit properly.Unfortunately, it is impossible to make things to an exact or dimension.Most dimensions have a varying degree of accuracy and a means od specifying acceptable limitations in dimensional variance so that a manufactured part will be accepted and still function.It is necessary that the dimensions, shapes and mutual position of surfaces of inpidual parts are kept within a certain accuracy to achieve their correct and reliable functioning.Routine processes do not allow maintenance(or measurement)of the given geometrical properties with absolute accuracy.Actual surfaces of the produced parts therefore differ from ideal surfaces prescribed in drawings.Deviations of actual surfaces are pided into four groups to enable assessment, prescription and checking of the permitted inaccuracy during production: 1:Dimensional deviations;
2:Shape deviations;3:Position deviations;
4:Surface roughness deviations.一张工程图应有恰当的尺寸标注,来把设计师的想法传递给用户,加工出的零件尺寸应与图纸上所标注的零件尺寸完全一致并匹配,但是加工零件的尺寸不可能是精确的尺寸,大多数的尺寸都有一个加工范围,这是可接受的规定尺寸变化极限的一种方法,以至于可以接受并使用这一加工零件,各个零件的尺寸精度,形状精度,互换位置精度必须保持在一个精度范围以内,以便正确可靠的实现他们的功能,常规的加工过程不允许对具有绝对精度的给点的几何特性进行维修和测量,因此实际零件加工表面不同于图纸中规定的理想零件表面,实际加工表面的偏差在进行评估说明和允许误差的检查过程中被分为四类:1.尺寸偏差,2.形状偏差,3.位置偏差,4.表面粗糙度。
第四篇:机械工程专业英语第二版必考翻译(完整版)
1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake.In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.(P5)用低能机器或传力工具,操作者通过向踏板或把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况,然而,用一个详细(复杂)的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。
2.The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels.The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train.The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars;its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer.(Braking Systems)(P5)
相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体,通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输;工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。
3.When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a
master cylinder.The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid’s pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum.(Braking Systems)(P5)
当踩下汽车刹车的踏板,在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸,在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。
4.Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and transmitting motion and power.Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing technology, as well as the areas of geometry.Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics.(Mechatronics System)(P7)
机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动,它是机电一体化的基础,作用是支撑系统其他功能单元,传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比,一体化技术的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高,它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的,新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。
5.Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes of relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit.Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator.(Mechatronics System)(P7)
检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路,它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程,在外部环境下的相关参数的改变,将其信息传给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息,送出相应的指令到执行机构。
6.Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors.It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information.Based on the results of information processing,instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system.(Mechatronics System)(P7)
电子控制单元,也被称为控制单元(ECU)控制,是机电系统的核心,负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。基于信息处理的结果,按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。
7.It is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had position sensing and motors on the control knobs installed.This is basically just a robot machinist.You use a rotating cutting tool to cut away all the metal that isn’t your crank.3D metal etch-a-sketch, with the computer interpolating, so the circles come out to be pretty smooth.(CNC Machining)(P9)
将数控系统装入一个非常标准的机床,它在控制手柄上有位置感应和马达。这基本上是一个机械师。你能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不是你设计的所有金属。具有计算内插的三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。
8.They(CNC machine)are complicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to 0.005mm(0.0001”)while covered in oil.A CNC machine has a minimum of 6 motors(including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places).This translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute.(The computer is not a significant part of the cost any more.)(CNC Machining)(P10)
数控机床是复杂的机器,具有伺服机构和检测技术,它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0.005mm。数控机床至少有 6个马达(包括一些用来换刀具,一个或多个用来泵油和冷却液的各地方)。这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。(电脑不再是成本的一个重要部分.)
9.The smaller, denser chips can also provide speed benefits, because in high-speed devices, the length of time it takes a signal to travel a given distance can become a factor.(Integrated Circuit(IC))(P57)
小而密的芯片能提供速度优势,因为高速装置中,信号传输给定距离所需时间长度是一个因素。
10.ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip.This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionality-see Moore’s law which, in its modern interpretation, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years。(P58)
多年来集成电路持续向更小的外观尺寸发展,允许每个芯片封装更多的电路,这增加了单位面积的容量,可以被用于降低成本和/或增加功能。由Moore法则,用现代的解释来说,集成电路中晶体管的数量每两年涨一倍。
11.In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves the cost per unit and the switching power consumption goes down, and the speed goes up.However, ICs with nanometer-scale devices are not without their problems, principal among which is leakage current, although these problems are not insurmountable and will likely be solved or at least ameliorated by the introduction of high-k dielectrics.(Integrated Circuit(IC))(P58)一般随着外观尺寸的减小,几乎任何物品的单位成本会改善(降低),转换能源消耗会降低,速度提高。然而,纳米级设备所用的 IC 芯片不是没有问题,其中最基本的是漏电流,尽管这些问题不是不可克服的,它可被解决,或至少可通过引入高k值绝缘体被改善。
12.The major fabricating steps for integrated circuits include film formation, impurity doping, photolithography, etching, and packaging.(P58)
集成电路的主要的制造步骤包括薄膜形成、掺杂杂质、微影技术、蚀刻、包装。
13.Factory assembly line machinery is activated and monitored by a single PLC, where in the past hundreds of timers and relays would have been required to do the task.The machine or system user rarely, if ever, interacts directly with the PLC’s program.When it is necessary to either edit or create the PLC program, a personal computer is usually(but not always)connected to it.(What is a PLC?)(P61)
工厂的装配线机械用一个 PLC 就能操纵和监控,过去需要数百的计时器和继电器才能完成这项工作。这台机器或系统用户,如果有的话,很少直接与 PLC 的程序交互。当有必要编辑或创建PLC程序时仅需将个人计算机(但不总是)连到 PLC 上。
14.The processes of sequencing control and interlock logic needed for automobile manufacturing was a time consuming and arduous task, which required manual updating of relays, timers and dedicated closed-loop controllers.When a new year’s model was coming off the drawing board, skilled electricians were called on to reset the production line.(What is a PLC?)(P61)汽车制造所需的时序控制、互锁逻辑的处理是一项耗时、费劲的工作,它需要手工更新继电器、计时器和特定的闭环控制器。当一个新模型脱离制图板,熟练的电工被要求从装生产线。
15.PLCs, in essence, monitor external sensory activity from additional devices.They take in the data which reports on a wide variety of activity, such as machine performance, energy output, and process impediment.They also control attached motor starters, pilot lights, values and many other devices.Both functions respond to a custom, user-created program.(What is a PLC?)(P62)
PLC,本质上是监控附加装置的外部传感活动,他们接受数据,这些数据提供广泛的活动,如机器性能、能量输出和加工障碍。它们也控制相连的马达启动器、导航灯、阀门和许多其他装置。所有的功能都对应一个惯例,实用程序。
16.They(PLCs)are designed for real-time use, and often must withstand harsh environments on the shop floor.The programmable logic controller circuitry monitors the status of multiple sensor input, which control output actuators, which may be things like motor starters, solenoid, lights and displays, or valves.(What is a PLC?)(P62)
PLC 被设计为实时应用,常常必须经受车间恶劣环境。PLC的电路检测很多传感器输入的状态,控制输出执行机构,如马达启动器、螺线管、灯、显示屏和阀门。
17.Ladder logic is essentially a Boolean logic-solving program with a graphical user interface designed to look like an elementary wiring diagram, familiar to all industrial electricians.(What is a PLC?)(P62)
梯形逻辑本质是一个具有图形用户界面的布尔逻辑处理程序,设计成一个所有的工业电气师都熟悉的基本电气线图。
18.PID can be described as a set of rules with which precise regulation of a closed-loop control system is obtained.Closed loop control means a method in which a real-time measurement of the process being controlled is constantly fed back to the controlling device to ensure that the value which is desired is, in fact, being realized.(What is PID Control)(P63)
PID可以用一组规则描述,通过这组规则可获得闭环控制系统的精密调控。闭环控制是一种方法,用这种方法可将被控过程的实时检测持续地反馈给控制设备以确保期望值被实现。
19.The most important of these(PIDs), Proportional Control, determines the magnitude of the difference between the SETPOINT and the PROCESS VARIABLE(known as ERROR), and then applies appropriate proportional changes to the CONTROL VARIABLE to eliminate ERROR.(What is PID Control)(P63)
PID中最重要的是比例控制,它决定了设定值和过程变量间的差值,然后对控制变量使用合适的比例变量以消除误差。
20.Shafting is the machine element that supports a roller and wheel so that they can perform their basic functions of rotation.Shafting, made from round metal bars of various lengths and machined to dimension the surface, is used in a great variety of shapes and applications.Because shafts carry loads and transmit power, they are subject to the stresses and strains of operating machine parts.Standardized procedures have been evolved for determining the material characteristics and size requirements for safe and economical construction and operation.(Shafting)(P67)
轴是能支撑滚子和轮子以完成最基本的旋转运动的机械元件。轴,由各类长度的圆形金属棒料制成,被加工成各类的表面尺寸,以各种形状用于各种用途。轴因为承载和传动必经受在工作的机器零件的应力和应变。已演化出的标准流程确定安全经济结构操作所需的材料特性和尺寸要求。
21.Particularly in solid shafting, the shaft is stepped to allow greater strength in the middle portion with minimum diameter on the ends at the bearings.The steps allow shoulders for positioning the various parts pressed onto the shaft during the rotor assembly.(Shafting)(P67)特别是实心轴,阶梯轴允许中部有更大的强度,端部轴承处直径最小。阶梯允许轴肩在转子装置期间,通过靠在轴上来定位各类零件。
22.One or more pieces of shafting joined by couplings is used to transmit power from, for example, an engine to a remotely located machine.A single engine can drive many lines of shafting, which, in turn, connect in multiple fashions to process equipment machines.Belts operate on pulleys to transmit the torque from one line to another and from the shafting to the machines.Clutches and couplings control the transfer of power from the shafting.The delivery of power to the machines in a shop has generally been converted from line shafting to inpidual electric motor drives for each machine.Thus, in a modern processing plant, line shafting is obsolete.(P68)
一个或多个传动轴件,由联轴节接合,用来传送能量形式,例如,一个引擎到远程机器。一个单一的引擎可以驱动许多轴系,反过来,以多种形式连接到加工设备机器。皮带在滑轮上运行,从一个轴系向另一个轴系传递扭矩,并从轴系传递给机器。离合器和联轴器控制来自轴系的动力传递。
把动力传递给车间里的机器一般已从用传动轴系变成了用独立的电动马达驱动每台机器。因此,在一个现代化的加工厂里,传动轴系已过时。
23.Differing widely in viscosity, specific gravity, vapor pressure, boiling point, and other properties, lubricants also offer a wide range of selection for the increasingly varied needs of modern industry.But whatever their derivation or properties, the purpose of lubricants is to replace dry friction with either thin-film or fluid-film friction, depending on the load, speed, or intermittent action of the moving parts.Thin-film lubrication, in which there is some contact between the moving parts, usually is specified where heavy loads are a factor.(Lubrication)(P76)
润滑剂在粘度、比重、蒸汽压、沸点和其他特性广泛不同,润滑剂为现代工业的渐长的各种需求提供广泛的选择。但无论它们的来源和特性是什么,润滑剂的目的是按移动部件的载荷、速度或间歇运动,用薄膜或流体膜摩擦取代干摩擦。薄膜润滑是指移动部件之间有部分接触,通常特指的重载荷是一个影响因素。
24.To keep the parts separated, it is necessary that the pressure within the lubricating film balances the load on the sliding surfaces.If the lubricating film’s pressure is supplied by an external source, the system is said to be lubricated hydrostatically.If the pressure between the surface is generated as a result of the shape and motion of the surfaces themselves, however, the system is hydrodynamically lubricated.This second type of lubrication depends upon the viscous properties of the lubricants.(Lubrication)(P77)
要保证零件相互分离,必须是润滑油膜内的压力与滑动表面的载荷平衡。如果润滑油膜的压力是由外部源提供,则系统被称为流体静压润滑。如果表面之间的压力是由表面形状和表面运动而形成的结果,然而这系统被称为流体动压润滑。第二种润滑方法取决于润滑剂的粘性。
25.A condition that lies between unlubricated sliding and fluid-film lubrication is referred to as boundary lubrication, also defined as that condition of lubrication in which the friction between surfaces is determined by the properties of the surfaces and properties of the lubricant other than viscosity.Boundary lubrication encompasses a significant portion of lubrication phenomena and commonly occurs during the starting and stopping of machines.(Lubrication)(P77)润滑状态介于干摩擦与油膜润滑之间的被称为边界润滑,其润滑状态也被定义为表面之间的的摩擦是由表面的特性、润滑油粘度之外的其它特性所决定的。边界润滑在润滑现象中占据相当大的比重,并且通常发生在机器启动和制动阶段。
26.Shops often overlook vibration issues when installing machine tools or equipment.However, planning for vibration control, optimally before constructing a new facility or during redesign of an existing one, can save shops a lot of money in the long run.That’s because isolating machines and processes from unwanted vibration reduces future problems such as bad part-surface finished, parts out of tolerance, and even physiological damage to shop personnel.(Isolating Unwanted Vibration)(P93)
车间常在安装机床或设备时忽视震动问题。然而,最好在构造一个新设施或从新在设计一个现有的设施之前理想规划震动控制,这可从长远利益上为车间节省许多费用。这因为将机器和加工从有害震动中隔离可减少未来的问题,如避免低的零件表面精度,零件超公差,甚至工作人员的生理损害。
27.Some equipment manufacturers provide allowable-vibration specifications for their machines, but most don’t, which makes choosing an isolator system difficult.The key is knowing the amplitudes of vibration frequencies that harm machinery.Fabreeka reports this is where savvy companies call in a consultant or company specializing in vibration protection.(Isolating Unwanted Vibration)(P95)
部分设备制造商给机器提供震动许用指标,但多数不提供,这使得选择隔离系统困难,关键是了解损害机械的震动频率的幅值。Fabreeka报告说聪明点的公司聘请了专业做震动防护的顾问或公司。
28.Such specialists measure vibration with highly accurate instrumentation such as real-time signal analyzers.These devices capture raw data, without bias, for post-processing and quantify amplitude and frequency of vibration.With this data, the specialist recommends the best isolation solution.Engineers then conduct acceptance test measurements after installation to verify amplitudes and the resultant transmitted vibration.(Isolating Unwanted Vibration)(P95)这类专家用高精准设备检测震动,如实时信号分析仪。这些设备不是真地捕获原始数据,为了后处理和量化震动的频率和幅值。用这些数据,专家推荐最佳的隔离方案。工程师再在安装后进行验收测试测量,验证幅值和由此产生的传送震动。
29.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself;rather, they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm.These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-weld, drill, beburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.(P135)工具及夹爪并非归属于机器人系统的本身部分,而它们是装在机器人手臂端部的附件。这些与机器人手臂端部相连接的附件,能使机器人提起零件、点焊、喷漆、弧焊、钻孔、去毛刺,还可以根据所提要求执行各种类型的任务。
30.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task.Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a working table, safety features, or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell.In addition, signals form outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.(Robot)(P135)机器人系统也能控制操作机器人的工作单元。机器人的工作单元是机器人须执行其任务的总环境。在这个单元内包含有控制器、机械手、工作台、安装装置或传送带。为机器人完成该工作所需的所有设备被包括在该单元内。另外,外部设备的控制信号可和机器人通信,告知机器人何时应当装配零件、拿起零件或卸载零件到传送带。
31.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected.The wrist is made up of addition axes and a wrist flange.The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.(P136)
在手臂的端部连接着一个手腕。该手腕由附加轴及手腕法兰组成。该手腕法兰允许机器人用户根据不同的工作在手腕连接不同的工具。
第五篇:机械工程专业英语原文翻译 哈工版
2、应力和应变
在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。
有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为:(a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。
(b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷;然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。
(c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。(d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。
(e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。
上面已经提到,作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩,也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。如果一个杆受到轴向载荷,即是应力,那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知,产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。
一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。
从某种意义上说,拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。
当负载移除时,如果材料回复到初始的,无负载时的尺寸时,我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土,木材,非铁合金。
当一个材料是弹性的时候,当载荷消除之后,任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
材料的弹性范围即是适用于胡克定律的范围,已经表明, 应力/应变==常数
常数被赋予符号E,被称为弹性模量或杨氏模量。因此 E =应力/应变
杨氏模量E一般认为在拉伸和压缩里是一样的,大多数工程材料有一个高的数值。典型的,钢的E = 200 * 109 N / m2,所以它将被观察到,Eq.应变通常是非常小的。在最常见的工程应用中应变很少会超过0、1%。对任何材料,杨氏模量的实用价值,通常是提供了一个标准的材料测试标本。
4、工程机械概述
正如我们环顾四周,我们看到世界的“东西”:机器全,设备,工具;事情,我们已经设计,建造和使用;木材,金属,陶瓷制成的东西,和塑料。我们从经验知道,有些事情是比别人做得更好,他们去年更长,成本更低,更安静,看起来更好,或者更容易使用。理想的情况,但是,每个这样的项目已按设计一些“功能要求,”由设计者认为,也就是说,它的设计,以回答这个问题,“究竟是什么职能应是执行?在工程世界”,频繁的主要功能是如此的支持,由于一些装载重量,惯性,压力式,从我们家中的光束,飞机的一个机翼等,必须对产品的材料,尺寸适当的融合,和紧固件生产结构,将执行一个较合理的成本合理的一生中其职能可靠。在实践中,工程力学方法用于在两个完全不同的方式:
1.任何新设备的发展需要一个互动,形式,尺寸,材料,载荷,耐久性,安全性和cost.2.迭代审议。当一个设备出现故障,往往是要进行一项研究,以查明故障原因,并找出潜在的纠正措施。我们最优秀的设计往往演变的薄弱环节,通过逐步消除。
对许多工程师,上述过程都可以被证明是绝对精彩和愉快的,更不用提有利可图。在任何“真正”的问题从来就没有足够好的,有用的信息,我们很少知道实际的载荷和精确操作的任何条件,准确的分析很少。虽然我们可以精确的数学,综合分析,一般只是近似,不同技能的人可以得到不同的解决方案。在工程力学研究中,大多数问题都将得到充分的“理想化”允许独特的解决方案,但应该清楚,“现实世界”远不如理想,而且你通常会在命令必须执行一些理想化获得一个解决方案。
在技术领域中,我们将考虑的是通常称为“静”与“材料力学”,“静”指的是对固定设备作用力学风和“材料力学”指的是这些部队在结构上的影响。
尽管许多设备都没有,事实上,静态的,这里开发的方法是完全适用于动态的情况如果与动态相关联的额外负荷,考虑。每当动态势力相对较小的静态负荷,系统通常被认为是静态的。
在工程力学,我们赞赏逼近了在任何类型的固有的各种现实问题: 首先,我们将要讨论的事情,这是在“均衡”,即没有加速。但是,如果我们仔细观察的话,一切都正在加速。我们会考虑很多构件是“失重”,但是他们从来没有的。我们将按照部队的这种行为在一个“点”,但所有力量在一个区域的行为。我们会考虑的某些部分“刚性”,但所有机构将在负荷下变形。
我们会作出这样的假设显然是错误的。但是,这些假设应始终呈现的问题更容易,更容易处理。你会发现,他们的目标是使尽可能多的简化假设没有严重退化的结果。
一般来说,没有明确的方法来确定如何彻底,或如何精确地说,对待一个问题:如果我们的分析过于简单,我们可能无法获得相关的答案,如果我们的分析过于详细,我们可能无法获得任何答案。它通常是最好先从相对简单的分析,然后添加更多的细节,因为需要得到实际的解决办法。
在过去的二十年来,一直在为解决以往无法解决的问题,进行电脑化方法的途径巨大增长,因为所需的时间来解决这些问题将被禁止。在同一时间内,计算机能力和使用成本下降了几个数量级。我们正经历一个“个人电脑”校园涌入,在家里,和商业活动中。
6、轴的设计
轴是一个旋转或者说是固定的构件,通常是圆形截面,轴上安装有齿轮、滑轮、飞轮和其他能量传递构件。如果一个轴上装有几个齿轮或者滑轮,轴的不同部分将受到不同的扭矩,因为总能量在轴的不同的点逐渐损失。因此,必须要标注出轴的各个部分承受的扭矩。然后研究弯矩的分布,最好画出剪力和弯矩的草图。(徒手画也行)
就使用方面来说,轴通常是一种旋转构件用来传递能量。尤其在过去的使用中,是一个固定轴带动旋转的车轮,滑轮等等。然而,一般用法的话是不区分轴是否旋转的。另一方面,在一个驾马车的时代里,我们所说的轴就是汽车上的车轴。总轴或主轴,首先有一个力推动,能量被从皮带或链条上传递下来。—皮带和链条通常是沿着轴的方向排着。放在主轴和发动机之间的轴通常被称为传动轴。机器中较短的轴通常被称为梭。
从这个初步检查,在机械学中有这样一个问题,我们标示出扰度最大和扭矩最大的截面。如果这些最大值发生在同一截面,那么那段截面所需要的直径也就确定了,当整根轴需要同样直径那么就取最大值。如果最大值不发生在同一区段,那么比较两个最值处所确定的直径大小,取较大的作为轴的直径。轴的直径在各个截面通常不同,有时因为结构的原因。在这种情况下,就要检查应力或确认每段所需要的直径。设计师使确定所有的部分在应力的作用下安全运行,并且要注意孔,键槽和其他的应力突变。
中空的轴有时候也很有用处,尽管它们比实心的要贵。它们有自身的优点,相比较之下它们强度更大。因为外部纤维在抵抗应力方面更有效,同时在热处理上反映更好因为同时在内外表面淬火。所以所谓的空心轴也偶尔有需要,但是它们的边缘通常是做成大倾角的,为了去除锐边,这方面存在缺陷。
偏差在轴的设计中有重要的意义,标准的扭矩偏差从机械轴的每米0.25度到传动轴的1度每米或者直径20偏差1度。甚至短轴在硬度上也成为了一个特殊的问题,当施加一个突然地冲击,例如汽车上的曲轴。这个冲击产生了一个扭转振动,通常是由汽车上的扭振阻尼器抵消的。
准许的偏差的数值很少,可能是因为数值的范围大并且每种情况都有其独特性,按照经验来说对于一个传动轴的偏差不允许超过0.0005L。L表示支撑端面之间的距离。尽管需要更高的刚度。最理想的情况是,在传动轴上,把齿轮,滑轮安装在轴承附近以便减小力矩。如果厚膜润滑应用在轴承上,轴承的宽度偏差应只是一小部分的油膜厚度;如果斜度过多,轴颈上会出现咬合。一个调心轴承可以消除这种麻烦如果偏差可以接受。
在机械工具方面,刚度是一个需要特殊考虑的问题,因为它关系到精度。如果一个轴支持一个齿轮需要比它携带v型滑轮更多的考虑偏差。
质心是对称的和旋转体的旋转中心点并不一致。这是因为a从一个实际的观点出发是不可能使质量分布均匀使质心和几何中心重合b轴,在荷载作用下,使身体转动,而移动的质心离开真正的轴,经过轴承的中心线。旋转先从几何轴线开始,但在一些速度下,质心便宜的离心力将和偏轴力相等,轴和与它相接触的部分会剧烈震动,因为离心力变更了轴旋转地方向。这样的速度被称为临界速度。在临界转速以上,运行平衡再次达到,那是的旋转中心是质心(因为平衡了离心力)。高速涡轮机经常操作临界转速以上。额外的临界速度,高于先前,成功的获得,但相应的振动的振幅逐渐减少。
许多轴有三个或更多的轴承支撑,这意味着这个问题是静不定。材料强度的资料上给出了求解方法。设计觉得一个问题应该同时考虑经济问题。举例来说,如果一行三人或三人以上的轴轴承支持是必要的,保守的假设的制造成本可能更低--给予力矩的设计,一个略粗的轴的额外费可能比一份精心的设计分析要低。
8、带传动和链传动
除了齿轮、皮带、链是广泛应用。皮带、链代表主要类型的柔性传动构件。Fig.8.1显示这些构件和齿轮减速器结合一个典型的工业应用。在这个应用程序说明了皮带,齿轮传动,链都是可以用来使之达到最佳效果。
转缸式发动机是由电力马达发展而来的,但是马达通常运转在很高的速度而传出的扭矩又太低和最终传动的应用不匹配。对于一个给定的能量传递,扭矩值增加和转速的降低是成比例的。
所以有些减速技术往往是可取的。一般来说,皮带传动应用在转速相对比较高的场合,一级减速是从电动机或马达上直接的减速。一个较小的驱动滑轮连接到马达轴,而大直径滑轮被连接到一个平行轴上同时具有较低的速度。带传动的驱动滑轮也被称为滑轮。带传动的线性速度通常是10-30m/s,也导致了作用在皮带上的拉力相对较小。
这是四个主要带传动类型:平坦的、圆的、V、同步。平带轮可以用于中心距离较长的带滑轮驱动之间。另一方面,V和同步带是用于短中心的距离。不含同步带,在滑轮和皮带只间会发生滑动,滑轮是用铸铁或钢制成的。
V型带传动一种被广泛使用的类型的带,尤其是在工业传动和车辆应用上。V型传动将皮带紧紧嵌到滑轮槽内,增加了摩擦力并且允许传送更大的扭矩在滑动发生之前。平皮带驱动产生很噪音小、并且从系统中吸收更多的振动比起v型或其他传动。一个平皮带传动效率约为98%,这是几乎和齿轮传动一样。然而,V型传动的效率驱动在70%至96%之间变化。
一个同步带,有时被称为定时皮带,在内部圆周表面安有齿型。一个同步带不会打滑,从而以一种恒定的角速度比例。
然而,如果非常大的比例降低速度在传动上需求,齿轮减速机是很好的,因为他们能在相对小的空间内完成大幅度减速。齿轮减速的终端轴通常是高扭矩并且低速的。如果对速度和转矩的应用都有需求。它可以直接耦合到驱动的机器。
齿轮减速器只应用在独立的减速中,在未传到符合条件的机器之前输出必须被减少。在低速、高扭矩条件、链条驱动成为可取的。高扭矩会引起高拉伸力促使开发了链条。链条传动的构件通常是用金属制造的,能够承受较大的力。当在旋转地轴之间传输能量的时候,链条由齿啮合,它提供了积极的没有滑动传动。Fig.8.3显示了典型的链条传动。
链条结合了齿轮和皮带传动的一些有利特点。链条驱动提供几乎所有的速比。他们相比于齿轮传动的主要优势是可以用于任意中心的距离。比起带传动,链条传动的优势链提供积极传动,因此具有更大传递能量的能力。
最常见的链是滚子链,其中每一节的滚子在链条和链轮齿中提供较低的摩擦。对于其不同的应用,最熟悉的是在自行车里的传动链条。通常一个链条是有淬硬钢做成的而链轮由铸铁或钢制作。不过,不锈钢和铜链锁在需要抗腐蚀的环境里面有需要。、Physical Properties of Materials(陈鹏文翻译,有错包含!)
One of the important considerations in material selection is their physical properties(that is, density, melting point, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and corrosion resistance).(在材料选择中重要考虑因素之一是它们的物理性质(如:密度,熔点,比热容,热传导性,热膨胀和耐腐蚀性)。)Physical properties can have several important influences on manufacturing and the service life of components.(物理性质能对生产和零部件工作寿命有一些重要影响。)For example, high-speed machine tools require lightweight components to reduce inertial forces and, thus, keep machines from excessive vibration.(比如说,高速机床需要重量轻的部件来减小惯性力由此让机床不会产生过高的振动。)
1.Density(密度)
The density of a material is its mass per unit volume.(材料的密度就是单位体积材料的质量。)Another term is specific gravity, which expresses a material’s density in relation to that of water, and thus, it has no units.(.另外一个术语叫做比重,它表示材料相对于水的密度,由此它没有单位。)Weight saving is important particularly for aircraft and aerospace structures, for automotive bodies and components, and for other products where energy consumption and power limitations are major concerns.(减轻重量是重要考虑的尤其对于航天器,航天结构,汽车零部件和那些能量消耗和功率受限的产品。)
Substitution of materials for the sake of weight saving and economy is a major factor in the design both of advanced equipment and machinery and of consumer products, such as automobiles.(为了减轻重量和经济成本,在设计现先进机械设备和消费品比如汽车中,材料的代替是一个主要的因素。)
2.Melting Point(熔点)
The melting point of a metal depends on the energy required to separate its atoms.(金属的熔点决定于分离金属原子所需的能量。)The melting temperature of a metal alloy can have a wide range(depending on its composition)and is unlike that of a pure metal, which has a definite melting point.(金属合金的熔解温度有一个宽的范围(取决于它的组成物)而且不像纯金属有一个确定的溶解温度。)The temperature range within which a component or structure is designed to function is an important consideration in the selection of materials.(一个部件和结构设计功能时,其里面的温度在此案料选择中需要重要考虑。)
The melting point of a metal has a number of indirect effects on manufacturing operations.(金属的熔点在生产过程中有许多间接地影响。)Because the recrystallization temperature of a metal is related to its melting point, operations such as annealing and heat treating and hot working require a knowledge of the melting points of the materials involved.(因为金属的再结晶温度与熔点相关,比如在退火,热处理和热加工操作中需要知道所涉及材料的熔点。)
3.Specific Heat(比热容)
A material’s specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one degree.(一种材料的比热容是单位质量材料每升高一度所需要的能量。)Alloying element have a relat
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