第一篇：大学英语自学教程(上册)

本课程的名称为“大学英语自学教程（上册）”，它是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）专科阶段的公共实践课，检测好坏的标准是会不会灵活运用这门语言。考试大纲规定，大学英语的教学目标是“使学习者能比较熟练地掌握英语基础知识和语言技能，做到具有较好的阅读能力、一定的英译汉能力和初步的听、说、读、写及汉译英能力，为获得专业所需要的信息及进一步提高英语水平打下较扎实的基础”。

本课程包括较系统的英语语法知识、英语单词约3000个和词组约500个，阅读量为30000余词。本课程的重点是英语的基本词汇和语法，课程的主要目的是培养阅读能力。

本课程的主要考试内容是从词汇、语法、阅读和翻译着手的。从2000年开始考试题型已改为如下七种：A.客观题部分：1.单项选择10%；2.完型填空10%；3.阅读理解30%；B.主观题部分：4.单词拼写10%；5.词形转换10%；6.汉译英15%；7.英译汉15% 为了帮助大家在英语学习、考试方面能达到事半功倍的效果，以及从我这几年教受英语课程的经验来看，想给大家提几点建议，：

第一，要勤读、多读。我们这里所说的“读”包括朗读和阅读，正确的发音，流利的朗读，对于熟练掌握单词、句子和课文，提高阅读速度都有根本意义；

第二，记牢单词。我知道这历来是考生们最头疼的事情，但是我认为只要大家有好的适合自己的方法，那么对于大纲要求的这3000词汇来说应该只是a piece of cake(小事一庄)。发音要正确，背单词要有计划，读写结合，注意常用词的词类和变化规则，记单词要和学习课文结合起来，不能死记硬背，最后一环是和遗忘作斗争的最有效手段---复习。英语中有一句谚语：Rome wasn’t built in one day!译成中文是：冰冻三尺非一日之寒。记忆单词尤应记住它；

第三点，学好语法。学语法的主要目的是为了用。对于英语教学我最擅长的就是讲解语法，一般我会将语法现象融入所学课文中，让大家感觉不是那么晦涩难懂。只有在错综复杂的语言现象中学和用，才能真正掌握语法。

英语学习不是一句两句就说的完的，今后我会在教学中逐步让大家感受到学英语的乐趣，它不仅仅是我们通向事业成功的一座桥梁，也将丰富大家的日常生活。但学习毕竟是件苦事，需要毅力，最后我将四个英文字母以及一句谚语送给我们每一位自学者：IIpp----Interest, Intention, patience and persistence.Where there is a will, there is a way!(有志者事竟成！)Good luck!下面我们开始上课。我想在第一课开始之前对大家提几点要求：1.每人都必须有课本，即高远主编的《大学英语自学教程》（上）；2.每讲后必须要复习、做作业；3.最好能提前看看下讲的课文；4.每5个单元有测验，请大家务必认真完成;5有问题随时问，学习上不要害羞。

本教程共计25个单元。每单元分A，B两篇文章，一般A 位重点文章，精讲；B为培养阅读能力的文章，略讲。

Unit one: Text A: How to Be a Successful Language Learner?

Ⅰ.New Words: 1.successful: a 成功的；

succeed v : succeed in doing something做某事成功;success n;successfully ad(*)a.She wished him success_ in his new job.b.Were you successful in finding a new house? c.I finished my training successfully.d.He succeeds in finding a good job.2.disagree: v disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧，意见不一致), n disagreement, a disagreeable;反义词：agree, agreement, agreeable e.g.I always disagree with him.3.guarantee:n / v 保证、担保、保修

e.g.1>.The watch has a two-year guarantee.(n保修)2>.The TV set is guaranteed for one year.(v 保修)4.intelligent:a 聪明的、明智的，n intelligence 聪明、智慧 5.conversely: ad 相反地，converse a 相反的

6.similar:a 相似的、类似的，短语be similar to sth / sb in sth(*)e.g.She is similar in temper(性情、脾气)to her mother.7.independent:a 独立的、自主的，independence n 独立、自主、自立，（*）字根：depend(v):依靠、依赖，depend on / upon dependence: n 信赖、信任、依靠 ；dependent: a 依靠的、需要支持的 a.When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.b.Children depend on their parents for food.c.I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.8.clue:n 线索、提示，常用短语：clue to something 9.adult: n 成年人；a 成年的、成熟的

a.She can do it herself, for she is an adult now.b.His behavior isn’t adult.10.conclusion: n 结论、推论；v conclude.decide v 决定，decision n 决定、决心

11.communicate: v 交流、通讯、传播，习语： ①communicate sth to sb: 传播某事给某人； ②communicate with sb: 同某人交流

名词：communication: a communication satellite 通讯卫星；

a communication network 通讯网，telecommunication:电讯、电信，China telecommunication中国电信

12.inexact: a 不正确的，反义词：exact incomplete: a 不完整的，反义词：complete 13.purpose: n 目的、意图，purposeful: a 有目的的，蓄意的，purposefully: ad 有目的地、蓄意地(*)a.He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.b.We should use the language purposefully.c.She did it on purpose.14.regularly: ad 经常地、定期地，regular: a 定期的

15.technique: n 技术、技巧，16.outline: v 概括；n 轮廓、大纲

a.You should outline the story before you write it.b.You can see the outline of her face in the light of the candle.Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.大多数学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法的。

①本句主语为：Most adults who are learning a second language;谓语为：would disagree with；宾语为：this statement ②主语中包含有一个语法点，定语从句。这是英语中一个非常重要的语法点.顾名思义，定语从句应该在整个句中做定语，请对比如下两句: He bought an interesting book.(定语)/ He bought a book which is interesting.（定语从句）。具体介绍该语法点：

修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面，它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。

通常引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom,(一般指人), which(一般指物)，whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有：when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定语从句时，要在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中的who are learning a second language修饰先行词most adults, who 是关系代词，在从句中作主语。下面我们一起来看另几个例句：仔细听我的分析！

a.The man who/that will give us a talk has come.b.I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.c.She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.d.I live in the room whose window faces south.e.Did you find the bike that/which you lost? ③would此时为助动词，表示“可能，将会”。

④需掌握的短语：disagree with sb about / on sth e.g.He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.2.They need hundreds of hours of study and practice„

hundreds of:几百，当hundred, thousand, million用作不确定数目时，需用复数形式，并加介词of;当它们用作确定的数目时，不用复数形式。

e.g.five hundred people;hundreds of people 3.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.译：语言学习不同于其他种类的学习。短语：be different from:与„不同

4.Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.(*)译：有些人很聪明，在他们自己的专业领域很有成就，但发现很难成功地学习语言。

①本句主语Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，谓语find，宾语difficult to succeed in language learning，it语法上称作形式宾语:当宾语较长时，常将它移后在空出的位置上用it代替。

②包含定语从句who are very intelligent and successful in their fields，修饰先行词some people, who在定语从句中作主语。

③需掌握的习语：be intelligent and successful in one’s field;succeed in sth / doing sth 5.Conversely, some people who are very successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.(相反地„)这句话意思和结构与上句相似，口头分析。

6.Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.(*)译：语言学习研究显示成功的语言学习者在许多方面都是相似的。

①本句主语Language learning research；谓语：shows；宾语：that引导一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中successful language learners是主语；are是系动词；similar in many ways是表语

②重要短语be similar(to sb/sth)in sth在„方面与某人/某事相似

7.Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.(*)译：不是等这老师解释，而是自己努力去发现各种句型和规则。

①Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain,介词短语作状语，主语：they；谓语：try to find；宾语：the patterns and the rules for themselves ②介词of后的动词要用动名词waiting ③短语：instead of sth;wait for sb to do sth;try to do sth;8.They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake.(*)译：他们寻找说这种语言的人，当他们说错时就请这些人帮助指正。

①这是一个由and连接的并列句，其中有一个定语从句who speak the language，修饰先行词people;有一个时间状语从句when they make a mistake ②correct: v 指正、纠正，短语：make a mistake 犯错误

9.They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.译：他们不害怕重复他们听到的或说一些奇怪的东西。①what they hear是repeat的宾语从句

②afraid的用法：be afraid of sth;be afraid to do sth;be afraid that 从句 a.She is afraid to go out alone at night.b.I am afraid of snake.c.He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.10.When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.译：当交流困难时，他们会接受不准确或不完整的信息。

本句中包含一个时间状语从句When communication is difficult，一个定语从句that is inexact or incomplete，修饰先行词information，在从句中that作主语。

11.It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.(*)译：对他们来说，学会用所学的语言来思考比学会每个单词的意思更重要。

①it作形式主语，真正主语是动词不定式to learn to think in the language.原句语序应是：For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.用形式主语的目的是因为不定式作主语太长，为避免句子头重脚轻，用it代替真正的主语。e.g.For many people to learn English well is very difficult.=It’s very difficult for many people to learn English well ②短语：learn to do sth学会做„;more important than „更重要

12.It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them.= For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary 译：对他们来说，学会这种语言以便同这些人交流并向他们学习是非常必要的

①这句话较复杂，it作形式主语，动词不定式是真正的主语，in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them我们称作目的状语

②短语：in order to do sth;communicate with sb;learn from sb:向„学习13.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.译：因为他们想学会这种语言，所以他们发现不断地练习实际应用这种语言是容易的。①it作形式宾语，真正的宾语to practice using the language regularly，原因状语从句because they want to learn with it.②practice是动词,英式英语拼写形式是practise,美式英语动词和名词拼写都是practice.作动词时，后面只能用动名词，如：practice speaking the language every day.(4段2行)14.If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully.(*)译：如果你是一名成功的语言学习者，你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。①if引导条件状语从句，主句中的have been learning是动词的现在完成进行时，表示动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在。

②三个副词：independently, actively, and purposefully 要会拼写。15.on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.译：另一方面来说，如果你的语言学习一直不太成功，你不妨试试上面提到的一些学习技巧。①If your language learning has been less than successful是条件状语从句。②短语：on the other hand: 另一方面来说;less than successful: 不太成功;might do well to do sth:表示一种委婉语气，不妨„，最好„.e.g.You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.That’s all for this lecture, and let’s continue to learn this unit next time.Don’t forget to review what we have learnt.ok, see you then!

The second lecture of College English Hi, everyone!Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one: A.Useful phrases: 1.disagree with „(2段1行);2.hundreds of(2段3行);3.be different from„(3段1行);4.succeed in sth„(3段3行);5.as much as you can(4段2行);6.practice doing sth(4段2行);7.try to do„(4段4行);8.similar in sth„(5段2行);9.first of all(6段1行);10.depend on(6段2行);11.instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行);12.wait sb to do„(6段3行);13.learn from sth/sb(6段7行);14.make a mistake(7段4行);15.be afraid to do(7段5行);16.be willing to do„(7段6行);17.be interested in sth(8段2行);18.in order to(8段4行);19.communicate with sb(8段4行);20.on the other hand(9段3行);21.might do well to do sth(9段4行)

B.Some important words: 1.successful;2.disagree;3.statement;4.guarantee;5.intelligent;6.conversely;7.similar;8.independent;9.conclusion;10.communicate;communication;11.purpose, purposefully;12.regularly;13.technique;14.outline.C.Key to part exercises:(from page 8 to 12)

一、课文练习： Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;Ⅱ.1.task;2.intelligent;3.tudy;4.clue;5.conclusion;6.repeat;7.communication;8.purpose;9.probably;10.outline Ⅲ.1.Instead of;2.therefore;3.more„than;4.even;5.first of all;6.because;7.on the other hand;8.finally;9.looking for;10.conversely Ⅳ.1.见课文；

2.Language learning is active learning.Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language.3.Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful.4.见一讲作业。

5.The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3.cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find,习题答案为：covered;uncover;discovered Ⅱ.1.inexact;2.technique;3.outlined;4.communicate;5.regularly;6.clue;7.intelligent;8.incomplter;9.similar;10.statement Ⅲ.1.disagree;2.independent;3.incomplete;4.inexact;5.uncover/discover Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5.We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.Ⅱ.Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。

A.Some new words: 1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，常用短语for instance，例如。

2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，waitress女服务员、女招待

3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp.to a far away place travel: v 旅游

4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man 5.exact 反义词inexact 6.consist;v 短语： consist of 组成 e.g.My class consists of 20 students.7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的 B.Some language points: 1.not only„but also„不但„而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分)e.g.⑪ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.⑫ „, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.2.neither„nor:既不„也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。

e.g.⑪ Autumn is a good season.It’s neither hot nor cold.⑫ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法

e.g.I learn English by myself.In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.5.The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。

b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不„

6.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。

短语：consist of, 句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。Key to the part exercises: page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.Unit 2 Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes

Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world.Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things.There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes;they are for the federal government, state government, and city government.Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.A.New words: 1.tax: n 税；vt 对„征税

a.Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.b.My income is taxed at source.(我的收入已扣除了所得税。)

2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking, general adj

3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字

a.What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.b.She typed the letter quickly and well.4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的 5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱

6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)a.More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.b.A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.c.I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)a.Holiday jobs are many and varied.b.people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)c.prices of fruit vary from season to season.8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售 9.charge: v 收费、控告

a.How much do you charge for repairing my shoes? b.He was charged with the guilty of murder.10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)a.She always adds sugar to her tea.b.He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.c.We will need additional help to do the work.11.confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj;confusion n(*)a.If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.b.This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.c.Do you think this will cause much confusion? d.They confused me by asking so many questions.11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about.complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）a.Students always complain about too much homework.b.She complained that the exam was too hard.c.He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory.(诉说有病)d.There is no reason for complaint.12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful;careful→careless;helpful→helpless;hopeful→hopeless etc.13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical;practice v 实践、实际 14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序

15.tend: v 易于、倾向于，tendency n 趋势、倾向 a.people tend to get fat as they grow older.b.prices continue to show an upward tendency.(物价呈持续上升趋势。)

B.Intensive reading: 1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。

分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。

e.g.1>.The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）2>.The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.请试着翻译句子：

1你一直在找的那个人来了。

2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。Answer: 1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.短语；be sure of:对„确信、确定 e.g.We can be sure of his honesty.2.Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。

短语：have a corner on something:垄断„;lead with因„领先 e.g.China leads the world with her silk products.3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。

分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于„, when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。

Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。

a.This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)b.I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)

c.please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。

4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。

分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)

5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。

分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item.charged to表示“向„征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。

短语：in addition to 除„还有„(+)e.g.We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.raise their revenue:增加税收。

7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way.They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。

短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用„, spend sth on sth在„花费，或spend sth in doing sth.e.g.Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。

短语：have different views on sth对„有不同观点，tend to 通常，agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb;同意做某事：agree to do sth.Ⅲ.Summary about the important phrases: 1.be sure of(1段2行);2.have a corner on sth(1段2行);3.lead with(1段4行);4.consist of(2段1行);5.depend on(3段3行);6.that is(3段4行);7.be similar to(4段3行);8.in addition to(4段10行);9.public works(5段4行);10.municipal buildings(5段5行);11.complain about(6段3行);12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行);13.spend„on(6段4-5行);14.tend on(6段6行);15.agree on(6段6行)

The 3rd lecture of College English one:

Ⅰ.Key to part exercises from page 39 to 43:

一、课文练习：

Ⅰ.a, c, a, a, c Ⅲ.1.due;2.depends on;3.perse;4.consisted of;5.similar;6.tends to;7.complaining about;8.i addition to;9.issue;10.agree on Ⅳ.1.How much do you charge for a haircut? 2.We are trying to raise funds for the Red Cross.3.He earned a good reputation for honesty.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protested government’s foreign policy.二、词汇练习：

Ⅰ见2讲讲课内容。

Ⅱ.1.charge;2.department;3.due;4.perse;5.earns;6.vary;7.property;8.leading;9.fund;10.tends

Ⅱ.Text B: It’s about advertisement.In such a society, we can see advertisement every day.Some are from TV, some are from radio, some are from newspaper, and others are from magazines and even Internet.When you find so many ads have penetrated into all the corners of our life, then do you think it’s good or bad? Now let’s find something from our text.A.New words: 1.advertise: v 做广告、登广告；advertisement: n 缩写ad;advertising company广告公司；advertiser: n 登广告的人

2.attract: v 吸引；attraction: n 吸引力；attractive: adj 吸引人的 3.design: v 设计； designer 设计师

4.persuade: v 劝说，常用习语：persuade sb to do sth 5.leisure: n 空暇、悠闲，at leisure有空，清闲。6.classified: a 分类的；classify v 分类 7.edition: n 版本，a paperback edition（平装版）, a rare edition（珍藏版）, a deluxe edition（精装版）, a revised edition（修订版）；edit: v;editor: n 8.entertainment: n 娱乐、款待 9.audience: n 观众、听众。

10.characteristic: a 典型的； n 特性、特征

11.commercial: adj 商业的； n 商业广告； commerce n 商业。12.responsible: a 有责任的； responsibility n 责任 13.particular: a 特定的

14.estimate: n / v 估计、评价

15.management: n 管理、经营； manage: v 管理； manager: n 经理 16.approve: v 赞成、同意、批准； approval: n 17.involve: v 牵涉、卷入，be involved in sth;involvement: n

B.Some difficult sentences: 1.Advertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it’s the part that attracts the most attention.译：广告仅仅是整个销售活动的一部分，但就是这部分最能吸引人们的注意力。

注意本句的主语advertising是动名词作主语，表示登广告。再如： playing football is my favorite sport.短语：attract one’s attention吸引某人的注意力。

2.Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye.（*）

译：色彩和画面配上声音和音乐，既好看又好听。

重点掌握短语：1>.add sth to sth加„到„, e.g.I don’t like add milk to/into my coffee.2>.catch the ear, catch the eye: 吸引耳朵，吸引眼睛 3>.as well as:也 ,除了„还有„(+)e.g.I like Chinese as well as English.3.Television ads are short, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times.(*)译：电视广告时间很短，但它们被反复播放，可以使观众看听许多遍。

短语：over and over again一遍又一遍； so that = in order that表目的；

audience:称作集体名词，当单形集体名词被看作一个整体时，具有单数概念；被看作若干个个体时，具有复数概念。像这样的名词有：family, government, class, staff etc.a.His family is a big one in our city.b.His family are very friendly to us.c.The audience is quiet when the concert is on.d.The audience like Harry portter very much.C.Useful phrases: 1.attract one’s attention(1段2行);2.natural enough(1段2行);3.for the most part(1段6行);4.persuade sb to do sth(1段7行);5.a large amount of sth(3段1行);6.be characteristic of sth(3段7行);7.catch the eye(3段8行);8.no more than(3段9行);9.idebtity with sth(3段10行);10.add to(4段2行);11.catch the ear(4段3行);12.over and over again(4段4行);13.so that(4段5行);14.put up with(4段7行);15.millions of(4段8行);16.be responsible for sth/sb(5段1行);17.decide on sth(5段2行);18.make an estimate of sth(5段4行);19.be involved in sth(5段6行)；20.as well as(4段3行);21.carry over(4段1行)

D.Key to some exercises: Ⅰ.page 49: T, F, F, T, T, T, T, F, T, F.词汇练习：page 50-52 Ⅰ.e, b, c, d, a Ⅱ.1.attracts;2.leisure;3.available;4.limited;5.estimate Ⅲ.1.decided on;2.approved;3.estimate;4.carried over;5.put up with;6.characteristic of Ⅳ.B, C, B, A, C, D.Unit 3

Text A: The Atlantic ocean In the earth, there are four oceans: the pacific ocean, the Atlantic ocean, the Indian ocean, and the Arctic ocean.The Atlantic ocean isn’t the biggest in area, but there are other two things that make it very unusual.Do you want to know what they are, and then please read the text very carefully? And from the past exams the text is very important.A.New words: 1.sailor: n 水手、海员； sail: v 航海，n航海、帆（*）a.He has sailed for New York.b.He is a good sailor and seldom gets sick during storms at sea.c.How many days’ sail is it from Tianjin to Dalian?

2.unwilling: a不情愿的，反义词willing：愿意的，常用短语：be willing to do„, be unwilling to do„;副词：unwillingly, willingly;名词：will意愿、意志。（*）

a.He is happy with the price and willing to pay.b.The child always does his homework unwillingly, so he hasn’t made much progress.c.She is ill and unwilling to go out with us.3.unusual: a不寻常的、与众不同的，反义词：usual, 副词：usually(*)a.Young people should not wear unusual clothes.b.He went to town as usual with his father.c.A classified advertisement is usually a few lines long.4.salty: a 咸的，salt: n 盐；salted用盐腌的 a.The sea water is salty.b.The salted beef is delicious.5.average: n/a/v平均数、平均的、平均常用短语：on the average(*)a.The average of 2,3 and 4 is 3.b.The average age of the students in this class is eighteen.c.They averaged 20 miles a day during their last journey.6.range: n 山脉、范围；v 变化，排列成行 a.She has a wide range of interests.b.He ranged the books by size.7.peak: n 高峰，adj 高峰的，反义词：off-peak peak hour = rush hour 8.eastward, westward, northward, southward: adj adv 9.crew:集体名词

10.becalm: v become calm;calm: a平静的、安静的, please keep calm.11.current: n 水流、电流；adj 流行的

a.The current is the strongest in the middle of the river.b.Turn off the current while making repairs.c.of all her dresses, only one is still current.12.affect: v 影响、打动；effect n 影响，have an effect on sth;affecting adj 动人的；effective adj 有影响的、有效的。（*）

a.Violent TV programs have a bad effect on the children.b.Music can affect some people very strongly.c.The law is no longer effective.13.furnish: v 用家具布置，家具：furniture.B.Grammar knowledge: 定冠词的用法

please look at the following sentences from the text: a.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that „.b.The narrowest place is between the bulge of „.c.The Azores are the tops of the peak „.1.冠词（articles）:是一种虚词，放在一个名词前，帮助说明该名词的含义。它分为定冠词和不定冠词两种。2.定冠词the的用法如下： ①重复上文提到过的人或物：

e.g.There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.The refrigerator is white.(第一次提到用不定冠词，第二次用定冠词，表特指。)②特指谈话双方都知道的人或物。e.g.How do you like the film? ③指世界上独一无二的事物。

e.g.The earth is bigger than the moon, but smaller than the sun.④常用在乐器前：

e.g.I want to play the piano/ the violin.⑤用在一些公用事业名称前, e.g.I will go to the post office/ the museum/ the cinema.⑥用在序数词和形容词最高级之前，e.g.the first time, the biggest.⑦用在某些专有名词前，e.g.the people’s Republic of China, the great wall, the white house ⑧特指某些江河、山脉、海洋、湖泊，e.g.the Changjiang River, the pacific ocean, the Himalayas, the Salt Lake ⑨和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人, e.g.the rich, the poor, the dead, the young ⑩用在姓氏的复数形式前，表一家人, e.g.The Greens are watching TV.另外，还用在许多习惯用语中：in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the left.Right, by the way, in the middle of etc.The 4th lecture of College English one: Ⅰ.Intensive reading text A: 1.The Atlantic ocean is one of the oceans that separate the old world from the new.译：大西洋是隔断新世界和旧世界的大洋之一。

分析：本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词oceans,注意此时只能用that,不能用which.如下的情况属只能用that的情况：

1>.当先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词时。He is the best person that always helps others 2>.当先行词是序数词，或前面有一个序数词时。He is the last person that I want to see.3>.当主语已有疑问词who或which时。Which is the bike that you lost? 4>.当先行词是all, much, something, anything, everything, little, etc等词时。We should hand in all that you have found.5>.当先行词前有only, any, few, one of, the same, no etc等词时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teacher in our class.短语：separate sth from sth把„与„分开

England is separated from France by the English channel.另外，the old World: Europe, Asia, Africa;the New World: the Americas.2.For centuries it kept the Americas from being discovered by the people of Europe.（*）译：好几个世纪以来，它使美洲一直未被欧洲人发现

短语：keep/stop/prevent sb from doing sth:阻止某人做谋事

The bad weather can’t keep us from going to school/ being discovered: being动名词，discovered过去分词

3.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic ocean made the early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it.(*)译：许多关于大西洋的错误观点使得早期的水手不愿远航驶入大西洋。

分析： 主语：many wrong ideas；谓语：made； 宾语：the early sailors； 宾补：unwilling to sail far out into it。

短语：be unwilling to do sth;sail far out into it: 远航驶入；make sb do sth

4.one idea was that it reached out to “the edge of the world.”

译：一种观点是大西洋远达世界的边缘。

分析：that引导的是表语从句。它是名词从句的一种。主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句属于名词从句。在四种从句中只有宾语从句能省略that这个关系连词，在其它从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，但绝对不能省略。

a.That the earth is round is true.(主语从句)b.All of us know that we must study hard.（宾语从句）

c.The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.（同位语从句）

d.Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.（表语从句）4.The Atlantic ocean is only half as big as the pacific, but it was still very large.(*)译：虽然大西洋只有太平洋的一半，但它也很大。

倍数的比较：倍数 + as + adj/adv + as a.My hair is twice as long as yours.b.My classroom is only one third as big as theirs.5.It’s more than 4000 miles wide where Columbus crossed it.译：哥伦布穿越大西洋的航线有4000多英里宽。

基数词 + 形容词→作度量状语。a.He is only five years old.b.The river is three meters deep.c.The classroom is five meters long.6.For so large an ocean, it has very few islands.Also, it is the world’s saltiest ocean.译：这么大的一个海洋却只有少数几个岛屿，并且它是世界上盐分含量最高的海洋。（这是大西洋最大的两大特点。）

7.There is so much water in the Atlantic ocean that it is hard to imagine how much there is.译：大西洋中有多得令人难以想象的海水。

So„that引导结果状语从句。(so + adj / adv)It’s so hot these days that we can’t go out.8.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.译：假设不再有雨水降入大西洋，也没有河水汇入。本句存在一个重要的语法现象：虚拟语气，即表示非真实的假设。该语法放到text B中进行详讲。

9.It would take the ocean about 4000years to dry up.译：它大约需要4000年的时间才干涸。

重要句型：it takes / took sb some time to do sth花某人多少时间作某事 Every day it takes me an hour to go to work.10.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.译：我们现在有如此多的快速旅行方式，使大西洋似乎变小了。

短语：such + n + that 引导结果状语从句，注意和so„that„比较。

a.She’s such a lovely girl that everyone likes her very much.b.She’s so lovely a girl that everyone likes her very much.seem to 仿佛、好像

Ⅱ.Brief summary about the useful phrases: 1.separate„from„(1段1行);2.keep sb from doing sth(1段2行);3.make sb do sth(2段1行);4.boiling hot(2段5行);5.so„that„(5段1行);6.no more(5段2行);7.on the average(5段4行);8.pile up(10段2行);9.such„that„(11段1行);10.seem to(11段2行);11.be unwilling to do„(2段1行)

Text B:做一般了解。A.New words: 1.observation: n 观察，observe: v 观察；observer: n 观察者

2.continually: adv 不停地，continue v 继续, continual adj 不停的 3.merely: adv 同义词only 4.absolutely: adv 完全地、绝对地，同义词：completely, entirely, thoroughly.5.uncomfortably: adv 不舒适地，反义词：comfortably;uncomfortable, comfortable 6.inhabitant: n 居民（不是永久的），永久的resident, inhabit;v 居住 7.occasionally: adv 偶尔地； occasional: adj, occasion: n 场合、机会

B.Grammar knowledge: Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

它是谓语动词的一种形式，表示非真实的假设、或表示命令、建议或说话人的主观愿望。a.But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers.b.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind„

c.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun„

虚拟语气的主要用法：（1）

1.用于非真实条件句中：条件句分为真实和非真实两种。非真实条件句包括违背现在事实的假设、过去事实的假设、以及不希望将来某种愿望实现的假设。

a.If I were you, I would reconsider their advice.b.If I hadn’t been so easy, I would have come early.c.If I should fail, I would try again.为了便于大家学习，在初学阶段可先记住如下表格：

条件从句

结果主句

对现在事实的违背

过去式

should + 动词原形

would + 动词原形

对过去事实的违背 had + 动词过去分词

should + have + 动词原形

would + have + 动词原形 对将来事实的违背 Should + 动词原形 should + 动词原形

Were + 动词不定式 would + 动词原形

C.Further notes on some sentences: 1.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky.译：除了太阳，月球是天空中看起来最大的物体。except for:除了„,c.f：except, except that.a.all the articles are good except yours.b.Your article is good except for some grammar mistakes.c.Except that he passed the exam, we all failed.总结：从整体中去除与主语是相同的事物用except, 若所去除的事物与主语不是同类项用except for, 而只有except that可放在句首引导从句。

2.We always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark.(*)译：我们总是发现面对着太阳的那一面是亮的，而背离太阳的那部分则是黑的。

这是一个难句。that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark是find的宾语从句，其中包含有一个定语从句which faces towards the sun修饰the part，一个时间状语从句while the part facing away from the sun appears dark，还有一个现在分词做定语facing away from the sun appears dark = which faces away from the sun„

3.Artists could make their pictures better if they kept this in mind—only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright.译：只有被太阳照射到的那些部分才是明亮的—如果美术家牢记这一点，也许能使他们的画画得更好。

本句是对现在某种情况的假设，因此用了虚拟语气。

短语：keep sth in mind牢记谋事；light up:点亮、照亮

4.In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon for us to be able see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.译：同样整个地球表面将充足的阳光反射到月球表面，使我们能够看到原本会是黑暗的那部分月球表面。

这是一个难句，隐含有一个虚拟语气句：which would otherwise be dark.That is: If the surface of the whole earth didn’t reflect enough of the sun’s light on to the face of the moon, the parts of it would be dark.短语：in the same way用同样的方式； reflect sth on to/onto sth 反射到„;be able to do 能做„

D.useful phrases: 1.except for(2段1行);2.face towards sth(3段4行);3.face away from sth(3段4行);4.keep sth in mind(3段6行);5.light up(3段6行);6.sth is enough for sb to do(4段2行);7.speak of(4段3行);8.know sth well(4段5行);9.reflect sth onto sth(4段6-7行);10.in the same way(4段7行);

homework: 从所给词中选择恰当的填入空格内； boil narrow unusual salty average spot peak crew affect highway 1.The ___ hours of traffic means the times when the traffic is highest.2.All the ____ members on the ship are ready for sail.3.Jack’s work at school is well above the ____, but he is still not happy with himself.4.When water ___, it changes into steam.5.His ____ ideas surprised everyone.6.The information super ____ makes the world smaller and smaller.7.He road was too ___ for trucks to pass.8.He wants to know why sea water is _____.9.He showed the police the very ____ where he was beaten.10.He said that the climate ____ his health.Key: 1.peak;2.crew;3.average;4.boils;5.unusual;6.highway;7.narrow;8.salty;9.spot;10.affected 汉译英：

1、这座山有泰山的一半高。

2、这所学校平均每个班有45人。

3、昨晚他过了好一会儿才入睡。

4、电视里的广告太多，无法记住到底有多少。

5、许多错误的想法导致哥伦布时代的人不愿西行。Key: 1.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.2.on the average, there are 45 students in each class in this school.3.Last night it took him quite a long time to fall asleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it’s impossible to remember the exact number.5.Many wrong ideas made people in the days of Columbus unwilling to sail westward.Homework for 2nd lecture: 1.He is not only a teacher, _____ also a friend.however but as and 2.Deaf and dumb people “talk” to each other with the help of their ____ fingers eyes faces mouths 3.Music is different from languages.It can be ____ by people from different countries.spoke understood known taken 4.An Italian entered a restaurant and sat down ____ a table.on in to at 5.Moving one’s head up and down generally _____ “yes”.means says brings makes 6.He was just going to give up _____ another chance came.when while although however 7.We have ____ people to finish the job today.seldom little enough much 8.His words are very clear and _____ so that everybody knows what to do next.exciting inexact exact exactly 9.Language consists ____ words which we put together into sentences.in for of on 10.A well-trained parrot can talk ____ a man.as like with into 汉译英：

1某些洲除了征收销售税还征收收入所得税。2中国以其丝绸产品领先于世界。3销售税随你所购物品的价格而变。4人们总是在抱怨着不断上涨的物价。5纳税是每个公民应尽的义务。Key: 1.Some states charge an income tax in addition to sales tax.2.China leads the world with her silk products.3.Sales tax varies with the prices of the goods you have bought.4.people are always complaining about the rising prices.5.paying taxes is the duty of every citizen.The 5th lecture of College English one Hi, everyone!Today we’ll learn Unit 4.It is about memory.We can often hear someone complain about their bad memory.Especially some students say even if they have tried hard to remember all the new words, but several days later, they will forget them all.So many times I am asked how to memorize those words.Then I think after we learn this text, you will get something useful to help you improve your memory.please listen carefully and intensively.Unit 4 Text A: Improving Your Memory Ⅰ.New words: 1.psychological: adj 心理学的;psychology: n 心理学;psychologist: n 心理学家;psychologically: adv 心理上地（*）

a.His father is a psychologist while his mother is an engineer.b.psychology is a study of mind.c.Memories and dreams are psychological facts.2.focus: v 聚集、集中, 常用短语：focus on sth ；n 焦点 a.He took out the camera and brought it into focus.b.Focus your attention on your work.3.basic: adj 基本的；base: n 基础;basically: adv 基本上、根本上

4.meaningfulness: n 富有意义； mean: v 意思是； meaningful: adj 富有意义的； meaningless:adj 无意义的;meaning: n 含义(*)a.What does this sentence mean? b.He is sad because he finds what he has done is meaningless.c.Do you know the meaning of this word? d.She always tells us meaningful stories.We learn a lot from her.5.organization: n 组织、团体；organize: v 组织 WTo=World Trade organization ； organizer: n 组织者(*)a.They organized a trip to the South last month.b.The organizers of the New Year’s party feel very tired but happy.c.The United Nations is a world organization.6.association: n 联合、协会； associate: v 把„同„联系起来；n 同伙；adj 副的 a.NBA means National Basketball Association.b.Whisky is usually associated with Scotland.c.John and paul are associates.d.Mr.Liu is an associate manager in this company.7.visualize: v 想象、设想；visualization: n想象、设想 8.rhyme:字母h不发音。9.ability: n 能力，短语：to the best of one’s ability,尽力而为。同义词capacity;able: adj有能力的，短语：be able to do sth, 反义词：unable.10.random: adj/n 胡乱的、随便，常用短语：at random,随便地。He took a book at random.11.categorize: v 分类；category: n 种类

12.needless 不需要的,不必要的；needful 需要的，必要的 13.refer: v 涉及、参与；reference: n reference book please refer to the dictionary if you come across a new word.14.relate: v 有关联，叙述，讲述；related: adj 有关联的；relation: n 关系、关联 a.I can’t relate what he said with what he did.（我不能将他所说与所做联系起来。）b.This part relates to the current situation.(这部分指的是目前的形式。)

15.accurately: adv 准确地，同义词：exactly；accurate: adj;accuracy: n 16.memorize: v 记住；memory: n 记忆力；memorandum(memo)备忘录 17.improvement: n 改进、增进；improve: v 18.image: n 形象、印象；imagery: n 肖像的总称，意象;imagine: v 想象 19.repetition: n 重复、反复；repeat: v;repeated: adj a.He made repeated efforts to solve the problem.b.pronouns are used to save the repetition of nouns.c.Does history repeat itself?

20.mental: a 精神的、智力的，physical: 体力的

21.preserve: v 保护、维持；preservation: n保护、维持;preservative: adj 保护性的，保存的

Ⅱ.Intensive reading: 1.physical research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory.译：心理学研究集中在一些有利于记忆的基本原则上。

本句包含有一个that引导的定语从句，修饰basic principles.短语：focus on sth;a number of = many 许多；basic principles: 基本原则 a.please focus your attention on your work.b.A number of students are studying English.c.The number of students studying English is increasing.2.It’s useful to know how these principles.本句的主语为：to know how these principles；it为形式主语。通常由于动词不定式作主语、主语从句作主语、动名词作主语太长，使句子显得头重脚轻，因而借助于形式主语。

a.To have a good sleep before the exam is very necessary.It’s necessary to have a good sleep before the exam.b.playing with fire is dangerous.It’s dangerous playing with fire.c.That the earth is round is true.It’s true that the earth is round.3.Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember.译：对你毫无意义的信息是很难记住的。

that does not make any sense to you是定语从句，修饰information.这句话还可改为： It’s difficult to remember information that does not make any sense to you.短语：make some/no sense:有/没有一定意义 a.What you said makes no sense.b.Does this paragraph of your composition make any sense? 4.Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.（*）

译：不用说，第二种词表要比第一种词表更容易记忆。短语：needless to say不用说

5.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.译：联想意思是把我们要记住的材料与我们已经准确记住的东西联系起来。分析：主语Association;谓语：refers to；宾语：taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately，动名词作宾语。包含定语从句：we want to remember，修饰the material； we remember accurately修饰something.短语：refer to sth指„;relate sth to / with sth把„同„联系起来。

6.Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition.译：与通过反复法记忆生词的人只记住了30%到40%的相比，用想象法的人记住了80%到90%。分析：using imagery现在分词作定语。短语：compare with拿„与„对比

a.Compare your translation with the example on the blackboard.b.Compared with her house, mine is smaller.7.How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?(3段2行)译：如果一个图书馆的图书陈列得杂乱无章，那么这个图书馆会有什么用呢？ 这句话需注意：虚拟语气.in„order以„顺序。

Ⅲ.Something about Word Formation: 部分构词法：

在英语中，词的构成法有四种：派生法、合成法、转化法、缩略法。

1．合成法：由两个或更多的词合成一个词。如：black + board = blackboard 2．转化法：由一种词类转化为另一种或其他词类。如：average: n/ adj/ v, random: n / adj etc.3．缩略法：将原词缩略，在读音和写法上成为新的形式。

如：bicycle缩为bike;examination缩为exam;the United Nation缩为UN etc.4．派生法：在词根上加上前缀或后缀构成新词，这是四种方法中最为常见、较难掌握的一种。我将分几讲用表格的形式介绍给大家，请注意平常学习时的总结、记忆！

主要的名词后缀：

后 缀 例 词

-er/or/ar buy→buyer;teach→teacher;visit→visitor;act→actor;beg→beggar etc.-ese China→Chinese;Japan→Japanese

-ian Asia→Asian;music→musician etc

-ism Marx→Marxism;social→socialism etc

-ist art→artist;piano→pianist;communism→communist etc.-ment achieve→achievement;agree→agreement;govern→government etc

-ness busy→business;ill→illness;kind→kindness etc.-ship friend→friendship;citizen→citizenship etc

-th deep→depth;true→truth;long→length etc.-tion,-sion decide→decision;invent→invention;organize→organization etc.-ty safe→safety;difficult→difficulty;active→activity etc.-sure,-ture create→creature;please→pleasure, mix→mixture etc

Ⅳ.Brief summary about the phrases: 1.focus on(1段1行)；2.a number of(1段1行);3.basic principle(1段1行);4.make sense(2段2行);5.for instance(2段4行);6.make a difference in sth(3段1行);7.be kept in random order(3段2行);8.for example(3段5行);9.as follows(3段10行);10.needless to say(3段11行);11.refer to(4段1行);12.relate sth to sth(4段2行);13.associate sth with sth(4段3行);14.compared with(5段6行);

Text B: There are two kinds of memory: long-term memory and short-term memory.And information in short-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating it over and over again while information in long-term memory may be kept for days or weeks.So I think when you learn English, the long-term memory is welcomed by everyone.A.New words: 1.short-term, long-term: 是合成形容词。

2.contrast: n/v,两个词性发音不同。短语：in contrast with;contrast with sth;3.release: n/v 释放、解放，release sth from sth;4.reward: n/v 奖赏、报答

5.proficiency: n proficiency at/in sth;proficient: adj熟练的

B.Grammar point: passive Voice(被动语态)please look at the following sentences from text B: 1.Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed.2.The information may be kept for days or weeks.3.The two experiences here show how short-term memory has been studied.以上每句话中都含有被动语态。接近于中文中的“被”字句。

1．语态是表示主语和谓语的关系的。若主语是动作的执行者，动词要用主动语态；反之若主语是动作的承受者，则要用被动语态。

2．英语中共有16中时态，其中常用的10中存有被动语态。为了便于大家学习，我将被动语态列为6个公式，请大家套用。

1>.s + be + p.p(动词的过去分词)（一般现在时、一般过去时）

a.Her room isn’t cleaned today.b.Her room was cleaned yesterday.2>.s + be + being + p.p（现在进行时、过去进行时）a.White Snow is being told by the teacher.b.White Snow was being told by the teacher yesterday afternoon.3>.s + has/have/had + been + p.p(现在完成时、过去完成时)a.More than 20 people have been saved from the ship.b.Ten bridges had been built by the workers by 1990.4>.s + will/would + be + p.p(一般将来时、过去将来时)a.She will be sent to Harvard.b.My teacher said she would be sent to Harvard.5>.s + will/would + have been + p.p(现在将来完成时、过去将来完成时)a.Thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games will have been built by 2008.b.He said thirty-seven stadiums for olympic games would have been built by 2008

6>.s + 情态动词 + be + p.p(情态动词的被动语态)a.Her bedroom should be cleaned at once.b.The window can’t be opened now.C.Important phrases in the text: 1.in contrast(1段5行);2.over and over（1段7行）;3.look up(1段7行);4.be unable to do(1段10行);5.turn on/off(3段4行);6.be released from sth(3段6行);7.be rewarded with sth(3段7行);8.to begin(5段1行);

key to part exercises:(page 68 to 72)课文练习：

Ⅰ.d, d, c, b, d.Ⅱ.1.long, wide;2.deep;3.across;4.around;5.high Ⅲ.见上讲作业。

Ⅳ.1.unwilling;2.average;3.take;4.runs;5.suppose 词汇练习：

Ⅲ.1.The sailors were afraid that they might meet bad weather.4.Climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work is piling up.Exercise from page 76 to 79: p76: Ⅰ.F, T, F, T, F, T, T, F, F, T.p78: Ⅰ.d, b, a, c, e;Ⅱ.C, C, B, A, D, C, B, B, B, D.The 6th lecture of College English one Key to part exercises: from p94 to p98, p103 to p106 p94:Ⅰ.c, b, b, d, c.p95:Ⅱ.1.smooth;2.similar;3.mental;4.municipal;5.meaningful;6.useful;7.familiar;8.single;9.striking;10.difficult.p97:Ⅱ.1.ability;2.accurately;3.focus;4.needless;5.meaningful;6.random;7.repetition;8.preserve;9.improvement;10.image;11.associated with;12.relate to p98:Ⅳ.2.It’s meaningful to know hoe to use these phrases.5.memory refers to ability to remember the past events and experiences.p103:Ⅰ.T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, F, T.p105:Ⅰ.e, b, a, c, d Ⅱ.1.kept;2.contrast;3.human;4.released;5.intermediate.Ⅲ.C, D, A, D, B.Unit 5 Text A: Fallacies about Food We can’t live without food, so in order to live we must eat much food every day.people usually so-and-so food is good for our health, so-and-so food isn’t good.Then we’ll have some ideas about the food, wrong or right.Then in our today’s text we can know which are right opinions, and which are fallacies.A.New words: 1.fallacy: n 谬论、谬误

2.quality: n 质量、素质；quantity;n 数量 3.deer: n 单复数同形。fish, sheep et.4.savage: a 野蛮的；n 野人； v 残害

5.bravery: n 英勇、勇敢； brave: adj 勇敢的

6.eager: adj 渴望的，常用短语：be eager to do sth, be eager for sth.eagerly:adv(*)aShe is eager for knowledge.b.He is eager to know if he has passed the exam.7.civilized: adj 文明的，反义词savage;civilize: v 使„文明；civilization: n 文明（*）

a.Education can help people civilize themselves.b.We are living in a highly civilized society.c.In China, Marco polo found a civilization far ahead of that in Europe.8.magical: adj 魔术的、不可思议的；magic: n 魔术； magician: n 魔术师 9.poisonous: adj 有毒的；poison: n/v 下毒、毒药 our children are poisoned by violent TV program.10.overseas: adj/adv海外的、在海外

a.There are many overseas students in Britain.b.We are used to living overseas.11.widespread: 合成形容词

12.digest: v 消化，n 文摘；digestion: n 消化；digestive: adj 消化的;digestible: adj 易消化的；indigestible: adj 不易消化的（*）

a.Some foods digest more easily than others.b.The meat should have been cooked a little longer.It was not very digestible.c.She suffers from stomach trouble and has a very poor digestion.d.Water makes the digestive juices flow more freely and makes the food more digestible.e.We often read Reader’s Digest.13.foundation: n 根据、基础；found: v 奠定基础 14.mixture: n 混合物；mix: v 混合

15.belief: n 信念、信仰；believe: v 相信 16.combination: n 结合、联合；combine: v combine sth with sth 17.protein,carbohydrate, fat, vitamin:食物的主要养分。

18.contain: v 包含、包括

A kilometer contains one thousand meters.19.sustitute: n 替代品，v 代替

a.Vegetable oil is a good substitute for animal oil.b.She substituted for the professor who was ill.B.Intensive reading: 1.Many primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.译：许多原始人相信通过吃某种动物，他们就能获得它的某些长处。

分析：主语Many primitive peoples；谓语believed；that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves是宾语从句，其中by eating an animal是方式状语；peoples:指不同的种族。

2.They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast as deer.译：例如，他们认为吃鹿肉能使他们跑得跟鹿一样快。Eating deer是动名词作宾语从句得主语。短语：make sb do sth;as + adj/adv + as

3.They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate them fall in love.(*)译：西红柿被称作爱之果，谁吃了它，谁就会坠入爱河。

注意被动语态的用法：were called被称作„，were supposed to被认为„.;fall in love 短语.4.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up – the idea that they were poisonous.本句包含有一个同位语从句the idea that they were poisonous,它属名词从句的一种.它所表达的意思就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思.通常同位语从句前的名词必须是表事实的抽象名词: fact, news, information, order, belief, rumor, answer etc.The rumor that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread.(= The rumor is that there’ll be an earthquake.)that在该从句中虽不作任何成分,但一定不能省略.同位语从句和定语从句经常是貌似,请加以区分.a.The news that the leader will come here is not true.b.The news that you told me yesterday is not true.分析:第一句是同位语从句,第二句是定语从句.根据that在从句中是否担任成分来判断,若that在从句中不担任任何成分,则是同位语从句,反之为定语从句.5.How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War Ⅱ.(*)难句！!译:如果那些认为西红柿有毒的人们知道在二战期间有成百万磅的西红柿供应给在海外作战的士兵,他们将会多么吃惊!分析:这是由how surprised引导的感叹句.整句