第一篇：成人学位英语复习资料

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一、时态和语态

1.如何解答时态问题

例1You’ve already missed too many classes this term.You ______ just last week.A.missed B.would miss C.had missed D.have missed

例2Anne asked Tom ______ the key.A.when he left B.where he had left C.how he left

D.why did he left

2.与完成时 有关的时态

★现在完成时(have done)

since, for/ in the past few months, up to now

例1Collecting

toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years.A

B

C

D

例2English ______ in a new way at my college in the past few years.A.has been taught

B.was being taught

C.has been taught

D.had been taught.★过去完成时(had done)

例3Anne asked Tom ______ the key.A.when he left B.where he had left C.how he left

D.why did he left

例4The chemistry class_____ for five minutes when we hurried there.A.had been on B.had begun C.has been on

D.would began

★将来完成时(will have done)

by

例5We’re late I expect the film_____ by the time we get to the cinema.A.had already started

B.have already

C.will already have started

D.have already been started.★现在完成进行时(have been doing)

例6It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A.had leaked B.is leaking

C.leaked

D.has been leaking

★过去完成进行时(had been doing)

★

将来完成进行时(will have been doing)

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例7By the time you arrive this evening, _______for two hours.A.I will study

B.I will have been studied

C.I had studied D.I will have been studying.3.在时间和条件状语从句中不用将来时态

▲用一般现在时代替一般将来时

例1When the mixture_____, it will give off a powerful force.A.will heat B.will be heated C.is heated D.has heated

例2please be sure to telephone me the next time you ______.A.will come B.would come C.shall come D.come

▲用现在完成时代替将来完成时

例3Smith is to study medicine as soon as he_______ military service.A.will finish B.has finished C.finish D.would finish

例4No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she______ them.A.tries B.will try C.are trying D.have tried 4.考试小窍门

案。

二、情态动词

1.几个情态动词的否定式的含义

can’t

may not mustn’t need’t

2.表示推测的几个情态动词用法

★must

+do

对现在情况的推测

must

+have done

对过去情况的推测

例1I ________ asleep in the corner, for I remember nothing of what happened during the night A.might fall B.must fall C.must have fallen

D.can have fallen

★ can’t/could’t

+do

对现在情况的推测

can’t/couldn’t

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+have done

对过去情况的推测

★ may/might not

+do

对现在情况的推测

may/might

+have done

对过去情况的推测

3.情态动词的完成时虚拟语气的用法

needn’t have done should have done should not have done ought to have done could have done

4.考试小窍门

词加完成时是正确答案。

× Must do

√ Must have done

三、虚拟语气

1.条件句中的虚拟语气

I would ask George to lend us the money if I ______ him.A.had known B.have known C.knew D.would know

If a better material ______, the strength of the part would have

been increased.A.had been used B.had been using C.being used

D.using

? 如果条件句中有were, had, shouldif

例3_____ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business.A.If he took B.if he should take

C.Were he to take D.Had he taken

? 含蓄条件句中虚拟语气的应用

But for/without

„„, otherwise/or„

„„, but/though„.做最好的自己

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But for your help, I _____ the work in time.A.did not finish B.could not finish

A.will not finish D.would not have finished

Without electricity, human life _____ quite different today.A.is B.will be C.would have been

D.would be

He was very busy yesterday;otherwise he_____ to the meeting.A.would have come B.would come C.could come D.had come

We would have made a lot of money, but we

halfway

A.gave up B.had given up C.would give up D.were to give up

? 错综时间条件句

If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night.2.(should)+动词原形在某些从句中的应用

(1)当宾语从句从的谓语是suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange等动词时,如:

I suggested that we should go there on foot.注意:当insist表示坚持认为之意时, 不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气.如:

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money

(2)It is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的主语从句中

It is desired that we should get everything ready tonight

(3)advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request 等名词之后的表语从句和同位语从句中.如:

My suggestion is that we should hold a meeting this evening

3.wish后的宾与从句中应当用虚拟语气

4.if only 引导的感叹句中

5.as if/as though引导的状语从句中

6.would rather后的句子的虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式

7.it is(high)time that „.句型中, 从句的谓语动词用过去式

四、非谓语动词

1.不定式

?不定式的逻辑主语

The road is wild enough for cars to pass by.It is important for you to work hard.It is kind of you to help me.?不定式的时态和语态

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The magnificent museum is said _____ about a hundred years ago.A.to be built B.to have been built

C.to have built D.to have being built

?使用不带to的不定式

1)why not do表示委婉的建议

Why not_____Professor Li for help? He is kind-hearted and willing

to help.A.ask B.you ask C.to ask D.your asking

2)使役动词have, make, letto的不定 式。

例The teacher has the students _____ a composition every other week.A.to write B.written

C.writing D.write

While he was climbing the high mountain, he had his leg_____

A.broke B.break C.broken D.breaking

There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make

himself_____

A.hearing B.being told C.to hear

D.heard

3)表示生理感觉的动词如see, watch, notice, observe, hear后面接不定式做

to的不定式。

With tears on her face, the old lady watched the little boy_____ to a hospital.A.send B.to be sent C.being sent D.sending 4)do something but/except do

There is nothing we can do _____ wait.A.but B.rather than

C.in spite of C.besides.5)记住下列不带to的短语

can’t but

can’t help but

had better 2.动名词

1.remember

forget regret

stop go on

mean

2.后面跟动名词的固定句式

have trouble/problems/difficult doing something

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feel like

spend/waste„doing something can’t help

need/deserve/want be worth

what about/how about 3.分词

分词作表语

独立主格结构

例1During the discussion , Mr Boyd remained silent when asking his

opinion.A

B

C

D

例2Your experiment reports must be checked with care before_______ A.handed them in

B.them handing in

C.being handed in

D.handing them in

_______ in the air fuels give off heat.A.T burn

B.Burned

C.T be burned

D.Being burned

五、状语从句

赵文通 时间状语从句

★

while/ when/ as/ until

★

一„就„

no sooner„than/ hardly„when/ scarcely„when

★

the moment the minute the instant

★

固定句型

It is/has been „.since„

1.原因状语从句

now that

in that

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2.条件状语从句

unless

as long as

provided that 3.让步状语从句

as

though although even if

even though while whatever

六、平行结构

and, or, but Prefer

Prefer something to something

Prefer doing something to doing something

Prefer to do something rather than do something Prefer

Prefer somebody to do something

e.g : I prefer you to speak English in the class.1、a number of, the number of

a number of +

the number of +

2、able, capable, competent

able be able to do s.thA cat is able to see in the dark.capable be capable of +doing。

competent

A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases.3、above allafter allat all;in all above all

But above all tell me quickly what I have to do 做什么。

after all 可位于句首、句中或句末。如After allyour birthday is only two weeks away后就是你 的生日。

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He isafter allHe failed after allat alla small child

He doesn’t like you at all

Are you going to do it at all

If you do it at alldo it well

I was surprised at his coming at all

in all

There are 25,000 Inuit in all(In all, there are 25,000 Inuit)这儿共有25,000因努伊特人。

4、aboard, abroad, board, broad aboard I never went aboard a ship.abroad He often goes abroad.board The passengers are boarding the plane now.broad He has very broad shoulders.5、accept, receive accept receiveI received an invitation yesterday, but I didn’t accept it.6、accident, incident, event

accidenta traffic accident

incident

event 也指国家和社会的事件。

7-accurate, correct, exact, precise accurateClocks in railway stations should be accurate.correct 的反义词是incorrect, wrong.exact 差”。它的反义词是inexact。

precise8、accuse, charge, sue accuse of His bossaccused him of carelessness.charge 常与withThe police charged the driver with reckless driving.sue 常与for Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house

9、acquire, require, inquire acquireacquire knowledge

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inquireinquire a person’s name

requireWe require more help.10、adopt, adapt adopt Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl.He adopted our suggestion.adopt与adapt11、advantage, benefit, profit advantage

He had the advantage of good education.profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit last year?

benefit I get no personal benefit from the business.12、1affect, effect affectSmoking affects health.effectGovernment policy will not have any effect on us.13、afford, provide, supply

afford一般只用于抽象事物。

provide 和supplywithprovide /supply somebody with something的结构。

14、ago, before ago

before 可以单独使用。

I saw him ten minutes ago.我十分钟之前看到的他。

He told me that he had seen the film before.他告诉我他以前看过 这场电影。

15、agree onagree toagree with

agree on

The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month

agree to

其一是to

解。健康文档

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第二篇：学位英语复习资料

学位英语复习资料

•学位英语词汇练习10题

1.The telegram was based on information from a _________ source.A.recent

B.reliable

C.rare

D.private 2.Mr.Wilson said that he did not want to __________ any further responsibilities.A.take on

B.bring on

C.get on

D.carry on 3.We were __________ for half an hour in the traffic and so we arrived late.A.held up

B.put back

C.broken down

D.taken down 4.We develop trade with that company for our shared _________.A.honour

B.reward

C.benefit

D.prize 5.It is a very popular play, and it would be wise to ________ seats well in advance.A.engage

B.book

C.isolate

D.occupy 6.Apples are ________ in summer and cost a lot.A.rare

B.scarce

C.common

D.unusual 7.I took the medicine, but it didn’t have any _________ on me.A.effect

B.relation

C.touch

D.affect 8.Rapid reading means reading something fast just to __________ the general idea.A.master

B.seize

C.grasp

D.imagine 9.They build strong walls round the town as a __________ against the enemy.A.defense

B.defend

C.defeat

D.depend 10.Who ___________ the workers to take up the struggle? A.called for

B.called in

C.called on

D.called off

练习答案：1-10

BAACB

AACAC

•学位英语语法与词汇部分模拟题

1.The teacher’s lecture on American history was three hours long, and Mary felt very _____.A.upset

B.bored

C.disturbed

D.neglected 2.Her mind was so _____ by the disease that she could not remember what she had done.A.acted

B.influenced

C.effected

D.affected 3.Every boy and girl _____ not to swim in the lake, for it is polluted.A.has been warned

B.have been warned

C.has warned

D.have warned 4.She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.A.it

B.this

C.which

D.that

5.Why can’t you do this small _____ for me? I’ve helped you often enough in the past.A.command

B.demand

C.effort

D.favor 6._____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.A.All

B.What

C.Which

D.That 7.You screamed in your sleep last night.You _____ a terrible dream.A.must have had

B.must have

C.must had had

D.must have been 8.However much _____, it will be worth the money.A.the dictionary costs

B.costs the dictionary

C.the dictionary will cost

D.does the dictionary cost 9.I don’t care _____ or not she will apologize to me.A.if

B.whether

C.what

D.which 10.One of my brother’s many faults is that he never _____ anything very long.A.decides on

B.sticks to

C.goes over

D.makes up

11.The departure of the train will be _____ for half an hour.A.cancelled B.delayed

C.postponed

D.set off 12.But for his sister’s help, I _____ the work.A.did not finish

B.will not finish

C.could not finish

D.would not have finished 13.Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained _____ into account before starting a new project.A.be taken

B.should take C.would be taken

D.have to be taken 14.Sixty per cent of television viewers chose her as their _____ actress.A.fortunate

B.preferred

C.favourite

D.preferable 15.Judges must be independent _____ political pressure.A.to

B.of

C.under

D.on

16.I looked everywhere for some cooking oil, but I could only find ____.A.a little

B.little

C.a few

D.few 17.Al’s doctor insists _____ for a few days.A.that he is resting

B.him to rest

C.his resting

D.that he rest 18.There wasn’t much snow last winter so people couldn’t go ____ except in the mountains.A.skiing

B.skied

C.to ski

D.having skied 19.You’ve got to be on top _____ to do well in a competition like that.A.condition B.form

C.shape

D.training 20.Your behavior was shocking.You should be ashamed _____ yourself.A.of

B.at

C.to

D.on 21.I suppose you couldn’t let me borrow your car this evening, _____?

A.couldn’t I

B.don’t I

C.could you

D.will you

22._____ five hundred people are believed to have drowned.A.As many as

B.As much as

C.So many as

D.So much as 23.I chose a small room with the window _____ the street.A.faces

B.faced

C.facing

D.to face 24._____ the rain we would have had a nice holiday.A.But that

B.Despite

C.But for

D.In spite of

1.B

关于美国历史，这个教师讲了有三个小时长，这让Mary 感到非常讨厌。upset 难过的，不安的； bored 令（人）

16.A

cooking oil 是不可数名词，另外根据境可知：这个句子又表示肯定的含义，（若选C则表示否定含义，即一点也没有找到）所以选择A选项。

17.D Al 的医生坚持要他休息了些日子； insist 后面用虚拟语气，should可省略。

18.A

go skiing 去划雪；

类似的还有： go shopping 去购物； go swimming 去游泳； go boating 去划船。

19.B 固定搭配用法：to be on top form 处于最佳状态。

20.A

你的行为令人感到震惊，你应当为此感到羞愧；

be ashamed of … 为…感到羞愧。

21.C suppose 后面的从句中为否定式couldn’t，而主句为肯定式，这是否定后移的用法，后面的反意疑问句要根据从句而定，故反意疑问句用肯定式could you。

22.A

首先B、D不对，因为much后面修饰不可数名词； as many as 与…一样多，后面可以接具体的数字；而C项不正确，因为：so many as 如此众多的，后面不能出现具体的数字； drown 淹死；

23.C 我选了一个窗户对着街道的小房间。现在分词短语做定语，主动含义。24.C but for… 要不是因为…；介词短语代替条件从句的用法。25.A

wish后面接虚拟语气的用法。

26.B what引导的名词性从句，这句话的意思是：我所不喜欢的是冬季那漫长而黑暗的夜晚。

27.A

reception 接待员，接待，招待会，接受； 这是一个非限制性定语从句，whose job was 其工作是…。这句话是说：那个接待员，其工作是接电话，他得了喉炎。

28.B turn down 拒绝； turn away 打发走； turn over 把…弄翻了； D项错误，没有这种形式。29.C resist doing … 禁不住…；看到苹果25分一磅，我们禁不住买了四磅。

30.C bring up 养育； Well-mannered children 行为举止良好的孩子，有教养的孩子。有教养的孩子往往都是家长培养教育的结果。没有A项这种用法，因为raise是及物动词，后面不能跟介词； borne up 坚强，毫不气馁。

31.A

as well as his mother, 不影响谓语动词的使用，主语是Tom’s father，另外ask sb to do sth 要求(请)某人做某事，这句话是说：汤姆的爸爸，还有她的妈妈，要他在纽约再待一段时间。

32.B 如果我们知道她计划今天出国，我们一定去机场给她送行了。前面的虚拟条件句是对过去情况的一种假设，谓语用过去完成时态，故主句用would have done 这种形式。

33.A

这是一个非限制性定语从句，which指代的是前面的problems, of which… 在…当中； 34.D for fear that 以免，担心；他烧掉了所有重要的资料，以免落入敌人的手掌。

35.B have a great influence on … 对…有很大的影响，这句话是说：文学和艺术对人们影响很大。

•学位英语英译汉模拟试题

1.In the early fifties, only eight or nine out of a hundred young men changed their jobs within the first three years with a company.在五十年代初期，有百分之八九的年轻人在一家公司工作三年后往往会跳槽。

2.Since most jobs take only a year and a half to master, in order to continue learning, they have to make a job change.由于大多数工作只需花一年多就可以掌握，为了继续学习，他们就会调换工作。

3.They have worked for a few years as technical specialists and quickly moved into higher management positions.作为技术专家，他们在工作了几年之后会更快地跳到更高的管理岗位。4.Sociologists are interested in how a society began and how it grew.社会学家们对于一个社会是怎样形成与怎样发展起来的很感趣。

5.A Frenchman named Auguste Comte made sociology a separate science in the 1830s.1830年，一个叫Auguste Comte的法人使社会学成为一门独立的学科。6.The method of capital punishment varies from nation to nation.执行死刑的方法因国家而各不相同。

7.The new device was named after the man who spoke out in favor of it.有个人大胆提议用这种新装置，后来这种刑具就以那个人的名字命名。

customers.购物中心舒适而且方便，这是超市受人欢迎的另外一个原因。

29.Most of the ill health we suffer could be prevented if people made more effort to change their life styles.如果人们努力去改变生活方式，就能远离大多数的疾病。

30.Similarly all advertising of alcohol should be banned and compensation paid to families of alcoholics who die of the liver disease.同样所有的酒类广告都应当被禁止，对于那些因喝酒导致生病，最终死亡的人应当赔偿。

31.Although mother’s day is a relatively new holiday in America, more and more other countries are also setting aside a day to honor their mothers.在美国，尽管母亲节时间夏天对来讲并不长，但世界上越来越多的国家都开始规定某一天为母亲节，来表达对他们母亲的敬意。

32.No longer was she so gentle, so relaxed and easy-going.她再也不像以前那样温柔，随和，好说话了。

33.Some people think that man might be able to solve both problems at the same time.一些人们认为他应该也能在同一时间把问题处理好。34.Sometimes what people say hides their real meaning.有时候人们说的话言不由衷。

35.The minute you spend thinking about the real meaning of what people say to you may save another mistake.（当你）仔细斟酌别人对你所说的话的时候，可以使你避免再犯错误。

36.Contrary to popular belief, colds are not caused by exposure to severe weather.和人们的普遍想法相反，感冒并非恶劣的气候造成。37.The custom can be traced back to the roman era.付小费这种习俗这种风俗可以追溯到古罗马时代。

38.A more common belief is tips were first given in the 18th century England.付小费这种习俗源于18世纪的英国。

39.In America and Europe it is customary to tip anywhere from 10% to 20%.在美国和欧洲，人们普遍的做法是以消费金额的百分之十到百分之二十来付小费的。40.Today most people decide the size of tip according to the quality of the service.现在，人们付小费的数量取决于享受的服务质量。

41.People who usually cannot afford it are the biggest tippers in front of their friends.往往是那些付不起大额小费的人在朋友面前付小费最大方。

42.Many analysts suggest that this added pressure disproportionately touches the women, who already carry major responsibility for their own children.许多分析家认为，对于那些已经承担了繁重的养儿育女责任的妇女们来说，这无疑是雪上加霜。

43.Perhaps the most important issue that emerges from the social trends just described is the impact of family instability and single parenting on children.也许上述社会倾向所产生的最重要的问题是家庭的不稳定性及单亲家庭对儿童的影响。

44.When this happens, the government should decrease the salaries of the workers by raising taxes.当这种情况发生时，政府应该通过增税来减少工人的工资。

45.While this might appear to be a positive step, it is actually regressive.尽管这样做表面上看是一种积极的措施，可实际上却是消极的。

46.While this law is not without humor by today’s standards, it clearly shows an awareness of the problem in times gone by.尽管这个法律按当今的标准来看是很滑稽的，但它却表明很久以前人们就已经估计到这一点了。

47.the motives for suicide can be categorized into areas such as failure, wrath(暴怒), the need for attention, stress, and so on.7-

第三篇：2011学位英语复习资料

一般现在时

1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。

2)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。

3)表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。

注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：

I don't want so much.我不要那么多。exam8.com

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。

二、一般过去时

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago，the other day, in 1982等。例如：

Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。

3)句型：It is time for sb.to do sth

“到……时间了”

“该……了”

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。

It is time that sb.did sth.“时间已迟了”

“早该……了”

例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。

would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。

三、一般将来时

1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。

a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?

b.计划，安排要发生的事。exam8.com

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

c.有迹象要发生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3)be +to表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4)be about to +动词原形，意为马上做某事。例如：

He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。

注意：

1、一般现在时表示将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin，return的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)在时间或条件句中。例如：

When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比尔来后，让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就写信给你。

2、用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave等现在进行时可以表示将来：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

四、现在进行时

a.表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如：

We are waiting for you.我们正在等你。

b.习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：

Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)

c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：

The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。

d.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。

五、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。

They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。

难点释疑：

when作并列连词，表示“(这时)突然”之意时，第一个并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：.I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇见了他。

We were playing outside when it began to rain.我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。

六、将来进行时

1)表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：

She'll be coming soon.她会很快来的。

I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.将来我一定去见他。

2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this

time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。

注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时(代替一般将来时)

When, as soon as, if,等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。例如：

He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing.他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

七、现在完成时

a.现在完成时可表示过去发生的动作对现在所产生的影响，后面通常不用时间状语，但句中常出现already, just,yet等副词。如：

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。

I’ve just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本小说。

Have you seen the doctor yet?你看过医生了吗?

注：already和yet用法上的区别

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。如：

b.现在完成时也可表示从过去某时开始的动作，状态一直持续到现在，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。

如： I have learned English for 5 years.He has lived in Beijing since he was born.注：

(1)for和since引导的时间状语的区别: for + 一段时间, since + 一点时间从句(从句中常用一般过去时)。

(2)表示继续的现在完成时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last)few years……, this week(month, year……), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。

如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I haven’t heard from him recently.(3)现在完成时也可表示从过去到现在曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once,…times等时间状语连用。如：.I’ve never been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.难点释疑：

1.点动词与延续性动词的区别.所谓点动词是指含有终止或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive，join, marry等动词。它们通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

I have bought a book.我买了一本书。.I’ve had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。

2.have got的含义.have got形式上是现在完成时，却和have是同一个意思

She has got a slight temperature.She has a slight

temperature.她有点发烧。

3、用于现在完成时的句型

It is the first / second time....that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：

It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。

八、过去完成时

(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。如：

By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。

(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

(3)叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例如：

Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如：

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。

She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。

(5)过去完成时常常用在宾语从句(或间接引语)中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如：.He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。

I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

(6)在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，例如：

When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。

She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

(7)动词think, want, hope, mean, plan，intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：

They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我们本来希望能来看看你。

(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first(second, etc)time(that)…等固定句型中。例如：.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。

九、将来完成时

a.状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b.动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached

Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此时，你已经到达上海了 一语法重点串讲

语法是三级英语统考的一个重点，它将体现在所有五个题型中，但重点将集中在以下几个方面。

1、时态：常用的10—11种

2、语态：被动语态

3、情态动词

4、虚拟语气

5、动词的非谓语形式三种

6、各种从句（主、宾、表、定、状、同位语从句）

7、主谓一致

8、倒装句

9、强调句

10、附加疑问句 第一章 语法重点串讲

第一节 动词的时态

考试重点：一般现在时（if 从句和as soon as 从句）；进行时表将来；现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别；完成时瞬间动词以及have（has）been, have（has）gone的区别；过去完成时的时间状语；将来完成时。

一、一般现在式：

1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等时间状语连用。

例：He goes to work every day.他每天去上班。

2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。

例：The earth is round.地球是圆的。

3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。

例：I don’t think you are right.我以为你错了。

4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作：常用的连词有as soon as，when，till，if。

（1）They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.A.have finished

B.finish

C.finished

D.was finishing

（答案：B）（1996年22题）

（2）When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.A.will heat

B.will be heated

C.is heated

D.has heated

（答案：C）（1992年59题）

二、一般过去时：

1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和过去时间状语连用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。

例：You've already missed too many classes this term.You _____ two classes just last week.A.missed

B.would miss

C.had missed

D.have missed

（答案：A。有具体的时间状语要用过去时。）（1995年59题）

2、used to do sth：过去常常做…

例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了。）

3、it is high time（that）…句型中，谓语动词用过去时。

例：Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

A.give up

B.gave up

C.would give up

D.should give up

（答案：B）（1999年31题）三、一般将来时

1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。

例：He will come and help you.他会来帮助你的。

2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。

例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？

3、be to +动词原形： 表示安排或计划好了的动作。

例：The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三环路将在国庆节前通车。

4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。

5、例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。

6、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive，leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。

（1）We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我们明天动身去北京。

（2）The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight.外宾今晚到达济南。

四、过去将来时

表示在过去预计将要发生的动作，常用于宾语从句。

例：He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道会议何时开始。

五、现在进行时

1、表示此时此刻（说话时）正在进行的动作。

例：The teacher is talking with his students.这位老师正在同他的学生交谈。

2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。

例：I am attending a conference in Beijing.我正在北京参加一个会议。

六、过去进行时

1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。

例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。

2、when 和while 的用法

（1）I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.A.was playing B.am playing C.play D.played

（答案：A。连接词when 表示时间上的点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。）（1998年43题）

（2）When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A.talk B.talked C.will talk D.talking

（答案为B）（1999年35题）

（3）One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A.has slept B.were sleeping C, slept D.was sleeping

（答案为D）（1996年23题）

3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。

例：He went to see Xiao Li.He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。

七、现在完成时

1、表示动作刚刚结束（常和just, now, already, yet等词连用）；或表示动作的结果（一般不用时间状语）。

（1）Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。（说明现在灯已经关上了）

（2）I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。（说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。）

2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去（常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for 引导的短语连用）。

（1）He has lived here for 30 years.他住在这儿已经三十年了。（现在还住在这儿）

（2）They’ve known each other since childhood.他们从小彼此相识。（现在还继续来往）

3、非延续性动词的完成时和it is +时间+since…..（过去时）

英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用。

（1）He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A.gone into

B.joined in

C.been in

D.come into（答案：C。用现在完成时表示“继续”的概念时，只能用含有持续意义的动词，不可用瞬间性动词。）（1995年49题）

（2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai.我离开上海已经三年了。

（如果是非延续动词，这时常用 it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。）

4、have（has）been to 和have（has）gone to 的区别

have（has）been to：去过某地（表示某人的一种经历），可以和once，twice，often，never，ever 连用。

have（has）gone to：去某地了（表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称），此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。

（1）He has gone to America.（意思为他已经去了美国，现在不在此地）

（2）He has been to America twice.他去过美国两次。

八、过去完成时

1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去）。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。

例：About the sixth century A.D.when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.A.invented

B.had invented

C.have invented

D.had been invented

（答案：B）（1997年35题）

2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。

例：The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.A.had been on

B.was on

C.has been on

D.would be on

（答案：A）（1995年24题）

3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。

例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。

4、过去完成时常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。

（1）No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.A.than

B.when

C.as

D.while

（答案为A）（1997年50题）

（2）Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。

九、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。

1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.A.will have

B.leaves

C.will have left

D.is leaving

（答案：C）（1995年25题）

2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.A.shall finish

B.must have finished

C.have finished

D.shall have finished（答案：D）（2000年24题）

十、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。

例：I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A.was knocking

B.am knocking

C.knocking

D.have been knocking（答案：D）（1998年49题）第二节 被动语态 考试重点：感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；动词短语的被动语态；情态动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。

一、感官动词及使役动词（如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid）在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时要加to。

1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A.came

B.come

C.to come

D.have come

（答案为C）（2000年58题）

2、We were made to study harder.我们被要求努力学习。

二、有些动词后面接一个介词或副词，构成短语。变被动语态时，短语动词做及物动词用。

1、The children are well looked after.这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。

2、The doctor has been sent for.已经派人去请大夫了。

三、情态动词的被动语态

构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。

1、The work must be finished before lunch.这项工作必须在午饭前干完。

2、Nothing can be seen from here.从这儿什么也看不见。

四、用主动表示被动的含义

常用：need/require +doing sth（=to be done）（此句型主语大多为物）

例：My room is a mess.It needs _____.A to be tidying up

B.tidying up

C.to tidy up

D.tidied up

（答案为B）（2000年47题）

第三节 情态动词

考试重点：情态动词+完成时

情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度。情态动词无人称变化，在句子中和动词原形一起构成谓语。根据这几年的考试看，着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。

一、must +现在完成时

表示对已发生的事情的一种肯定的猜测。

1、Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A.must have received

B.must have failed to receive

C.must receive

D.must fail to receive

（答案：B）（1998年44题）

2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A.would have had

B.could have had

C.should have had

D.must have had

（答案为D）（2001年58题）

二、should（ought to）+完成时

表示应该做的事情而没有做，否定式表示不该做的事情做了。含有对过去的动作的责备、批评。

1、They have done things they ought _____.A.not to do

B.not to be done

C.not to have done

D.not having done

（答案为C）（1999年59题）

2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.A.had a telephone

B.have phoned

C.should have phoned

D.should be phoned

（答案为C）（2000年26题）

三、could +完成时

表示能做的事情而没有做。表示对过去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。

1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。

2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本来能及格的，但是没有努力学习。

第四节 虚拟语气

如果所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小时，称为虚拟条件句。

考试重点：虚拟语气的基本形式和用法；if的省略形式；含蓄条件句；以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句；would rather 引导的从句；以as if, as though 引导的从句；以suggest, advise, insist 等词后引导的宾语从句；It is necessary（important）that引导的主语从句；It is time（that）…句型中。

一、虚拟语气的基本形式和用法：

虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：

1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.A.had known

B.have known

C.knew

D.know

（答案：C。与现在的事实相反，从句用过去时）（1995年38题）

2、Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _____ the same language?

A.spoke

B.speak

C.had spoken

D.will speak

（答案：A。与现在的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去时。）

3、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time.A.would come

B.would have come

C.had come

D.came

（答案为C。与过去的事实相反，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。）（1995年59题）

二、if的省略形式

在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were , had, should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。

1、_____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.A.If I realized

B.Had I realized

C.Did I have realized that

D.As I realized（答案：B。虚拟条件句有时可以省略if，而将谓语中的过去式were，had，或should等移至主语之前。1996年39题）

2、_____, I should ask them some questions.A.Should they come to us

B.If they come to us

C.Were they come to us

D.Had they come to us

（答案：A。与将来事实相反。）（1997年30题）

三、含蓄条件句

有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用with，without，but for。

1、Without your help, we _____ so much.A.didn’t achieve

B.would not have achieved

C.will not achieve

D.don’t achieve（答案：B。这是一句含蓄条件句，条件暗含在介词短语without your help中，因此要用虚拟语气。）（1996年33题）

2、But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday.A.should have

B.would have had

C.would have

D.will have had

（答案：B。2003年28题）

四、以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句

wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）；

1、Peter wishes that he _____ law instead of literature when he was in college.A.could study

B.studied

C.had studied

D.would study

（答案：C）（2000年53题）

2、I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.A.were

B.would be

C.had been

D.will be

（答案：C）（2001年53题）

五、would rather＋句子（过去时）

1、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.A.rather

B.better

C.happier

D.further

（答为案：A）（1998年45题）

2、I am too busy these days.I would rather all of you _____ next month for a dinner.A.come

B.would come

C.came

D.have come

（答案为C）（2002年46题）

六、以as if，as though引导的从句

在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。

1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world.A.knows

B.knew

C.had known

D.would have known（答案：B。as if（though）从句中非真实性情况用虚拟语气。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，所以用过去时。）

2、You are talking as if you had seen them

你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作）

七、以suggest，advise，insist等词后引导的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形，should可以省略。

类似的动词有：propose，insist，suggest，order，demand，require，request等。

1、The doctor advised that Mr.Malan _____ an operation right away so as to save his life.A.had

B.would have

C.have

D.was going to have

（答案：C）（1998年28题）

2、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.A.put on

B.puts on

C.to put

D.putting on

（答案：A）（1999年58题）

八、It is necessary/important/urgent that引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用should+原形动词，should可以省略。

1、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week.A.comes

B.will come

C.come

D.may come

（答案：C）（1997年29题）

2、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made.A.will be arranged

B.must be arranged

C.be arranged

D.would be arranged（答案：C）（2003年45题）

九、It is time(that)…引导的定语从句中，谓语动词用过去时。

1、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident.A.do

B.will do

C.did

D.must do

（答案：C）（1996年43题）

2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

A.give up

B.gave up

C.would give up

D.should give up

（答案：B）（1999年31题）

第五节 非谓语动词

非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。

一、动词不定式

考试重点：动词不定式的基本结构和用法（尤其是复合结构，否定式，被动式，完成式等。）；stop和go on接不定式和动名词的区别；remember，forget接不定式和动名词的区别；have sth done 和have sb do sth。

基本形式

主动形式

被动形式

一般式（not）to make（not）to be made

完成式（not）to have made（not）to have been made 进行式（not）to be making 在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。

（一）动词不定式的基本结构和用法

动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。

1、Good-bye , Mr.Wang.I’m pleased _____ you.A.to meet

B.meeting

C.to have been meeting

D.to be met

（答案：A）（1998年57题）

2、Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _____ their best.A.do

B.to do

C.doing

D.done

（答案为B）（1996年44题）

（二）动词不定式的被动式

当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。

1、The ability _____ is very important for any speaker.A.to hear clearly

B.to be clearly heard

C.to hearing clearly

D.to being clearly heard

（答案：B。动词不定式的被动式。）（1999年39题）

2、Mr.and Mrs.Smith didn’t expect the house _____ so well.A.to be decorated

B.to decorate

C.be decorated

D.decorating

（答案：A）（1995年22题）

（三）动词不定式的复合结构

如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时）要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。

1、It was very difficult _____ me to learn Spanish.A.of

B.to

C.with

D.for

（答案：D）

2、It is necessary _____ the papers immediately.A.for you to hand in

B.that you hand out

C.your hand in

D.for your hand in

（答案：A）

（四）动词不定式的完成式

表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。

1、Judging from his manners at the party, he doesn’t seem _____ much education.A.to receive

B.to be receiving

C.to have received

D.to have been received

（答案：C。表示发生在主要动词之前的动作，要用动词不定式的完成式。）（1997年45题）

2、The book is said _____ into several foreign languages up to now.A.to translate

B.to have translate

C.to have been translated

D.to be translated

（答案：C）

（五）stop 和go on后面接不定式和动名词的区别

动名词表示停下或继续正在做的事情；不定式表示停下以便做某事或改做另外一件事情。

1、The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _____.A.on rest

B.at rest

C.resting

D.to rest

（答案：D。“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。）（1999年29题）

2、Men will never stop _____ for new ways of getting new energy.A.search

B.to search

C.searching

D.searched

（答案：C）

3、You have been talking for two hours.How long do you intend to go on _____ like that?

A.talking

B.to talk

C.doing talking

D.talk

（答案：A）

（六）remember 和forget接不定式和动名词的区别

remember, forget + doing sth：表示动作发生在过去。

remember, forget +to do sth：表示动作尚未发生。

1、Don’t forget _____ the window before leaving the room.A.to have closed

B.to close

C.having closed

D.closing

（答案：B。to close表示一个在leaving 之后发生的将来的动作）（2001年28题）

2、I remember giving the letter to him.我记得把信给他了。（giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作。）

（七）have sth done 和 have sb do sth的用法

1、We are going to have our office _____ to make room for a new engineer.A.to rearrange

B.rearrange

C.rearranged

D.rearranging

（答案：C。have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。）（2002年50题）

2、I’ll _____ that I’m a qualified engineer.A.have you know

B.have known you

C.have you knowing

D.have you know

（答案：A。表示让某人做某事。）（2003年25题）

考试重点：动名词的逻辑主语，完成式，被动式，否定式；动名词做介词的宾语，有时介词可省略；“to”的作用。

基本形式： 主动形式 被动形式

一般时

doing being done

完成时 having done having been done

在句子中可以充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。

一、动名词的基本用法：

1、We shall appreciate _____ from you soon.A.being heard

B.hearing

C.to hear

D.having been heard

（答案：B。appreciate后接动名