第一篇：机械工程英语翻译常用专业词汇（模版）

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copy grinding machine 仿形磨床 copy lathe 仿形车床

copy milling machine 仿形铣床 copy shaping machine 仿形刨床

cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床 die spotting machine 合模机

drilling machine ?孔机 engraving machine 雕刻机

engraving E.D.M.雕模放置加工机 form grinding machine 成形磨床

graphite machine 石墨加工机 horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机

horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心 internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床

jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机 jig grinding machine 冶具磨床

lap machine 研磨机 machine center 加工制造中心

multi model miller 靠磨铣床 NC drilling machine NC钻床

NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床

NC programming system NC程式制作系统 planer 龙门刨床

profile grinding machine 投影磨床 projection grinder 投影磨床

radial drilling machine 旋臂?床 shaper 牛头刨床

surface grinder平面磨床 try machine 试模机

turret lathe 转塔车床 universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床

vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心 wire E.D.M.线割放电加工机 barrel 滚筒(加工)bending 波纹加工

broaching 拉刀切削 centering 定中心

cutting 切削 cylindrical lathe cutting 外圆车削

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electric discharge machine 放电加工 electrolytic grinding 电解研磨

embossing 压花加工 facing 面车削

filing 锉刀修润 hand finishing 手工修润

hemming 卷边加工 hobbing 滚齿加工

joggling 摇动加工 lapping 抛光/研磨修润

laser beam machining 雷射加工 lathe cutting 车床车削

planning 刨削加工 polishing 抛亮光

reaming 铰孔修润 rough machining 粗切削

rounding 圆形加工 sawing 锯削

scaling 清除钢碇缺陷 shaping 成形加工

skiving 表面研磨 slotting 切缝切削

taper turning 锥度车削 thread cutting 螺纹切削

ultrasonic machining 超音波加工 up cut milling 逆铣加工 alloy tool steel 合金工具钢 aluminium alloy 铝合金钢

bearing alloy 轴承合金 blister steel 浸碳钢

bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板 carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢

clad sheet 被覆板 clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢

emery 金钢砂 ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力

forging die steel 锻造模用钢 galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板

hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢 high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢

hot work die steel 热锻模用钢 low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢

low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢 marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢

martrix alloy 马特里斯合金 meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢

meehanite metal 米汉纳铁 merchant iron 市售钢材

molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢 molybdenum steel 钼钢

nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢 prehardened steel 顶硬钢

silicon steel sheet 矽钢板 stainless steel 不锈钢

tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板 tough pitch copper 韧铜

troostite 吐粒散铁 tungsten steel ?钢

vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板 acetylene 乙炔 ampere 电流安培

angle welding 角焊 arc 电弧

argon arc welding 氩弧焊接 bare electrode 光熔接条

butt welding 对接焊接 camber 电弧弯曲

cascade 阶叠熔接法 clad weld 被覆熔接

crator 焊疤 excess metal 多余金属

filler rod 焊条 fillet weld 填角焊接

gas shield 气体遮蔽 groove welding 起槽熔接

hand face shield 手握面罩 hard facing 硬表面堆焊

jig welding 工模焊接 laser beam welding 雷射光焊接

metal electrode insert gas welding MIG熔接 nugget 点焊熔核

overlaying 堆焊 peening of welding 珠击熔接法

plug welding 塞孔熔接 positioned welding 正向熔接

pressure welding 压焊 propane gas cutting 丙烷气切割

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pure nickel electrode 纯镍熔接条 reinforcement of weld 加强焊接

resist 抗蚀护膜 root running 背面熔接

seam 焊缝 seaming 接合

seam welding 流缝熔接 series seam welding 串联缝熔接

skip welding process 跳焊法 spark 火花

spot welding 点焊接 stitch welding 针角焊接

stud arc welding 电弧焊接 under laying 下部焊层

void 焊接空隙 weld flow mark 焊接流痕

weld flush 焊缝凸起 weld line 焊接纹

weld mark 焊接痕 weld penetration 熔接透入

weld zone 焊接区 welding 焊接

welding bead 焊接泡 welding direction 焊接方向

welding distortion 焊接变形 welding flux 焊剂

welding ground 电熔接地 welding interval 焊接周期

welding stress 熔接应变 welding torch 熔接气炬 molding成型

spare parts=buffer备品

coordinate座标

dismantle the die折模

auxiliary fuction辅助功能

poly-line多义线

heater band 加热片

thermocouple热电偶

sand blasting喷沙

grit 砂砾

derusting machine除锈机

degate打浇口

dryer烘干机

induction感应

induction light感应光

response=reaction=interaction感应

ram连杆

edge finder巡边器

concave凸

convex凹

short射料不足

nick缺口

speck瑕?? shine亮班

splay 银纹

gas mark焦痕

delamination起鳞

cold slug冷块

blush 导色

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gouge沟槽;凿槽

satin texture段面咬花

witness line证示线

patent专利

grit沙砾

granule=peuet=grain细粒

grit maker抽粒机

cushion缓冲

magnalium镁铝合金

magnesium镁金

metal plate钣金

lathe车 mill锉

plane刨

grind磨

drill铝

boring镗

blinster气泡

fillet镶;嵌边

through-hole form通孔形式

voller pin formality滚针形式

cam driver铡楔

shank摸柄

crank shaft曲柄轴

augular offset角度偏差

velocity速度

production tempo生产进度现状

torque扭矩

spline=the multiple keys花键

quenching淬火

tempering回火

annealing退火

carbonization碳化

tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂

bracket小磁导

liaison联络单

volatile挥发性

resistance电阻

ion离子

titrator滴定仪

beacon警示灯

coolant冷却液

crusher破碎机

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点 dot

点阵间距；点阵间隔 lattice spacing

点焊接 spot welding

醛树脂；电玉 ureaformaldehyde(UF)

十八画

断面线 cross hatching line

断裂 fracture

断路掣 miniature circuit breaker(MCB)

柜 carcase

台夹；固定夹 bench holdfast

台阻 bench stop

台垫；垫板 bench hook

簧片 spring

简单齿轮系 simple gear train

简谐运动 simple harmonic motion 廿三画

纤维 fibre

纤维板 fibre board

纤维素醋酸酯 cellulose acetate(CA)

变形；扭曲 distortion

变速系统 speed control system

变压器；火牛 transformer

逻辑状态 logic state

逻辑门 logic gate

髓线 medullary ray

体积 volume

鹬嘴钳 snipe nose pliers

廿四画

灵敏度 sensitivity

廿五画

镶边 lipping

廿六画

钻 drill

钻孔；钻削 drill;drilling

钻床 drilling machine

钻嘴 bit

钻头夹盘 drill chuck

钻头扳手 drill chuck key

凿 chisel

凿切 chiselling

凿身 chisel blade

其它

G 字夹 G clamp G 码 G code M 码 M code

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PN 结 PN junction

PVC 胶；聚氯乙烯 polyvinyl chloride(PVC)T 尺；丁字尺 tee square T 字叉榫 tee bridle joint T 角榫 tee angle joint T 型接合 tee joint V 字板 V-board

V 形坑带和滑轮 vee belt and pulley V 形枕 V block

V 型槽座与钳 vee block & clamp Assembly line组装线

Layout布置图

Conveyer流水线物料板

Rivet table拉钉机

Rivet gun拉钉枪

Screw driver起子

Electric screw driver电动起子

Pneumatic screw driver气动起子

worktable 工作桌

OOBA开箱检查

fit together组装在一起

fasten锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet栈板

barcode条码

barcode scanner条码扫描器

fuse together熔合fuse machine热熔机

repair修理

operator作业员

QC品管

supervisor 课长

ME制造工程师

MT制造生技

cosmetic inspect外观检查

inner parts inspect内部检查

thumb screw大头螺丝

lbs.inch镑、英寸

EMI gasket导电条

front plate前板

rear plate后板

chassis 基座

bezel panel面板

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power button电源按键

reset button重置键

Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试

Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键

sheet metal parts 冲件

plastic parts塑胶件

SOP制造作业程序

material check list物料检查表

work cell工作间

trolley台车

carton纸箱

sub-line支线

left fork叉车

production department生产部门

planning department企划部

QC Section品管科

stamping factory冲压厂

painting factory烤漆厂

molding factory成型厂

common equipment常用设备

uncoiler and straightener整平机

punching machine 冲床

robot机械手

hydraulic machine油压机

lathe车床

planer |'plein?|刨床

miller铣床

grinder磨床

driller铣床

linear cutting线切割

electrical sparkle电火花

welder电焊机

staker=reviting machine铆合机

position职务

president董事长

general manager总经理

special assistant manager特助

factory director厂长

department director部长

deputy manager | =vice manager副理

section supervisor课长

deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长

group leader/supervisor组长

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line supervisor线长

assistant manager助理

to move, to carry, to handle搬运

be put in storage入库

pack packing包装

to apply oil擦油

to file burr 锉毛刺

final inspection终检

to connect material接料

to reverse material 翻料

wet station沾湿台

Tiana天那水

cleaning cloth抹布

to load material上料

to unload material卸料

to return material/stock to退料

scraped |'skr?pid|报废

scrape..v.刮;削

deficient purchase来料不良

manufacture procedure制程

deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良

oxidation |' ksi'dei?n|氧化

scratch刮伤

dents压痕

defective upsiding down抽芽不良

defective to staking铆合不良

embedded lump镶块

feeding is not in place送料不到位

stamping-missing漏冲

production capacity生产力

education and training教育与训练

proposal improvement提案改善

spare parts=buffer备件

forklift叉车

trailer=long vehicle拖板车

compound die合模

die locker锁模器

pressure plate=plate pinch压板

bolt螺栓

name of a department部门名称

administration/general affairs dept总务部

automatic screwdriver电动启子

thickness gauge厚薄规

gauge(or jig)治具

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power wire电源线

buzzle蜂鸣器

defective product label不良标签

identifying sheet list标示单

screwdriver holder起子插座

pedal踩踏板

stopper阻挡器

flow board流水板

hydraulic handjack油压板车

forklift叉车

pallet栈板

glove(s)手套

glove(s)with exposed fingers割手套

thumb大拇指

forefinger食指

midfinger中指

ring finger无名指

little finger小指

band-aid创可贴

iudustrial alcohol工业酒精

alcohol container沾湿台

head of screwdriver起子头

sweeper扫把

mop拖把

vaccum cleaner吸尘器

rag 抹布

garbage container灰箕

garbage can垃圾箱

garbage bag垃圾袋

chain链条

jack升降机

production line流水线

chain链条槽

magnetizer加磁器

lamp holder灯架

to mop the floor拖地

to clean the floor扫地

to clean a table擦桌子

air pipe 气管

packaging tool打包机

packaging打包

missing part漏件

wrong part错件

excessive defects过多的缺陷

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critical defect极严重缺陷

major defect主要缺陷

minor defect次要缺陷

not up to standard不合规格

dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大(小)cosmetic defect外观不良

slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头

slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手

speckle斑点

mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉

rust生锈

deformation变形

burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边

poor staking铆合不良

excesssive gap间隙过大

grease/oil stains油污

inclusion杂质

painting peel off脏污

shrinking/shrinkage缩水

mixed color杂色

scratch划伤

poor processing 制程不良

poor incoming part事件不良

fold of pakaging belt打包带折皱

painting make-up补漆

discoloration羿色

water spots水渍

polishing/surface processing表面处理

exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露

lack of painting烤漆不到位

safety安全

quality品质

delivery deadline交货期

cost成本

engineering工程

die repair模修

enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划

QC品管

die worker模工

production, to produce生产

equipment设备

to start a press开机

stop/switch off a press关机

classification整理

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regulation整顿

cleanness清扫

conservation清洁

culture教养

qualified products, up-to-grade products良品

defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品

waste废料

board看板

feeder送料机

sliding rack滑料架

defective product box不良品箱

die change 换模

to fix a die装模

to take apart a die拆模

to repair a die修模

packing material包材

basket蝴蝶竺

plastic basket胶筐

isolating plate baffle plate;barricade隔板

carton box纸箱

to pull and stretch拉深

to put material in place, to cut material, to input落料

to impose lines压线

to compress, compressing压缩

character die字模

to feed, feeding送料

transportation运输

(be)qualfied, up to grade合格

not up to grade, not qualified不合格

material change, stock change材料变更

feature change 特性变更

evaluation评估

prepare for, make preparations for 准备

parameters参数

rotating speed, revolution转速

manufacture management制造管理

abnormal handling异常处理

production unit生产单位

lots of production生产批量

steel plate钢板

roll material卷料

manufacture procedure制程

operation procedure作业流程

to revise, modify修订

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to switch over to, switch---to throw--over switching over切换

engineering, project difficulty 工程瓶颈

stage die工程模

automation自动化

to stake, staking, reviting铆合add lubricating oil加润滑油

shut die架模

shut height of a die架模高度

analog-mode device类模器

die lifter举模器

argon welding氩焊

vocabulary for stamping 冲压常词汇

stamping, press冲压

punch press, dieing out press冲床

uncoiler & strainghtener整平机

feeder送料机

rack, shelf, stack料架

cylinder油缸

robot机械手

taker取料机

conveyer belt输送带

transmission rack输送架

top stop上死点

bottom stop下死点

one stroke一行程

inch寸动

to continue, cont.连动

to grip(material)吸料

location lump, locating piece, block stop 定位块

reset复位

smoothly顺利

dent压痕

scratch刮伤

deformation变形

filings铁削

to draw holes抽孔

inquiry, search for查寻

to stock, storage, in stock库存

receive领取

approval examine and verify审核

processing, to process加工

delivery, to deliver 交货

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to return delivenry to.to send delinery back to retrn of goods退货

registration登记

registration card登记卡

to control管制

to put forward and hand in提报

safe stock安全库存

acceptance = receive验收

to notice通知

application form for purchase请购单

consume, consumption消耗

to fill in填写

abrasion磨损

reverse angle = chamfer倒角

character die字模

to collect, to gather收集

failure, trouble故障

statistics统计

demand and supply需求

career card履历卡

to take apart a die卸下模具

to load a die装上模具

to tight a bolt拧紧螺栓

to looser a bolt拧松螺栓

to move away a die plate移走模板

easily damaged parts易损件

standard parts标准件

breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断裂

to lubricate润滑

common vocabulary for die engineering 模具工程常用词汇

die 模具

figure file, chart file图档

cutting die, blanking die冲裁模

progressive die, follow(-on)die 连续模

compound die复合模

punched hole冲孔

panel board镶块

to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边

to bending折弯

to pull, to stretch拉伸

Line streching, line pulling线拉伸

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engraving, to engrave刻印

upsiding down edges翻边

to stake铆合

designing, to design设计

design modification设计变化

die block模块

folded block折弯块

sliding block滑块

location pin定位销

lifting pin顶料销

die plate, front board模板

padding block垫块

stepping bar垫条

upper die base上模座

lower die base下模座

upper supporting blank上承板

upper padding plate blank上垫板

spare dies模具备品

spring 弹簧

bolt螺栓

document folder文件夹

file folder资料夹

to put file in order整理资料

spare tools location手工备品仓

first count初盘人

first check初盘复棹人

second count 复盘人

second check复盘复核人

equipment设备

waste materials废料

work in progress product在制品

casing = containerazation装箱

quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量

quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量

the first page第一联

filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查

end-user/using unit(department)使用单位

summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表

bill name单据名称

This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together(Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)

第二篇：机械工程专业英语翻译整理

Industrial Robots There are a variety of definitions of the term industrial robot.Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely.Numerous single-purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots.These machines can only perform a single function and can not be reprogrammed to perform a different function.Such single-purpose machine is do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.关于工业机器人的定义有很多。采用不同的定义，全世界各地机器人的数量就会发生很大的变化。在制造工厂中使用的许多单用途机器可能会看起来像机器人。这些机器人只有单一的功能，不能通过重新编程的方式去完成不同的工作。这种单一用途的机器人不能满足被人们日益广泛接受的关于工业机器人的定义。

An industrial robot is defined by the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulator, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.国际标准化组织(ISO)对工业机器人的定义为：一种能够自动控制的、可重复编程的多功能操作机，它可以是固定式的，也可以是移动式的，应用于工业自动化领域。

there exist several other definitions too, given by other societies, e.g, by the Robot Institute of America(RIA), the Japan Industrial Robot Association(JIRA), British Robot Association(BRA), and others.The definition developed by RIA is: A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.其他的一些协会，例如美国机器人协会(RIA)，日本工业机器人协会(JIRA)、英国机器人协会(BRA)等，都对工业机器人提出了各自的定义。由美国机器人协会提出的定义为：

机器人是一种用于移动材料、零件、工具或者专用装置的，通过可编程序动作来执行多种任务并具有可重复编程能力的多功能操作机。

All definitions have two points in common.They all contain the words reprogrammable and multifunctional.It is these two characteristics that separate the true industrial robot from the various single-purpose machines used in modern manufacturing firms.在所有的这些定义中有两个共同点，即“可重复编程”和“多功能”这两个词，正是这两个特征将真正的机器人与现代制造工厂中使用的各种单一用途的饥器区分开来。

The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks.“可重复编程”这个词意味着两件事：机器人根据编写的程序工作．并可以通过重新编写程序来使其适应不同种类的制造工作的需要。

The term “multifunctional” means that the robot can, through reprogramming and the use of different end-effectors, perform a number of different manufacturing tasks.Definitions written around these two critical characteristics have become the accepted definitions among manufacturing professionals.“多功能”这个词意味着机器人能通过重复编程和使用不同的末端执行器，来完成不同的制造工作。围绕着这两个关键特征所撰写的定义已经变成了被制造业的专业人员所接受的定义。

The first articulated arm came about in 1951 and was used by the U, S.Atomic Energy Commission.In 1954, the first industrial robot was designed by George C.Devol.It was an unsophisticated programmable materials handling machine.第一个关节式手臂于1951年被研制出来供美国原子能委员会使用。在1954年，第一个可以编程的机器人由乔治C.沃德尔设计出来。它是—个不复杂的，可以编程的物料搬运机器人。

The first commercially produced robot was developed in 1959.In 1962, the first industrial robot to be used on a production line was installed in the General Motors Corporation.It was used to lift red-hot door handles and other such car parts from die casting machines[l] in an automobile factory in New Jersey, USA.Its most distinctive feature was a gripper that eliminated the need for man to touch car parts just made from molten metal.It had five degrees of freedom(DOF).This robot was produced by Unimation 第一个商业化生产的机器人在1959年研制成功。通用汽车公司在1962年安装了第一个用于生产线上的工业机器人。它在位于美国新泽西州的一家汽车厂中用来从压铸机中取出红热的车门拉手以及诸如此类的汽车零件。它最显著的特点是通过采用手爪，避免由人去接触那些刚刚由熔化的金属形成的汽车零件。它有五个自由度。它是由万能自动化公司(Unimation)生产的。

A major step forward in robot control occurred in 1973 with the development of the T3 industrial robot by Cincinnati Milacron.[2] The T3 robot was the first commercially produced industrial robot controlled by a minicomputer.Figure 71.1 shows a T3 robot with all the motions indicated, it is also called jointed-spherical robot.在1973年，辛辛那提米拉克龙(Milacron)公司研制出T3工业机器人，在机器人的控制方面取得了重大的进展。T3机器人是第一个商业化生产的采用小型计算机控制的机器人。T3机器人和它的所有运动如图71.1所示，它也可以称为关节式球面机器人。

Since then robotics has evolved in a multitude of directions, starting from using them in welding, painting, in assembly, machine tool loading and unloading, to inspection.从那时起，机器人技术在很多方面都得到了发展，这包括焊接、喷漆、装配、机床上下料和检测。

Over the last three decades automobile factories have become dominated by robots.A typical factory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines.For example, on an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is welded, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations.在过去的30年中，机器人在许多汽车制造厂中占据了主要地位。在一个工厂中，通常有数以百计的工业机器人工作在全自动生产线上。例如，在一条自动生产线上，车辆底盘装在输送机上，在通过一连串的机器人工作站时进行诸如焊接、喷漆和最后的装配等项工作。Mass-produced printed circuit boards(PCBs)are almost exclusively assembled by pick-and-place robots, typically with SCARA manipulators,[3] which pick tiny electronic components, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy.Such robots can place tens of thousands of components per hour, far surpassing a human in speed, accuracy, and reliability 在印刷电路板的大批量生产过程中，装配工作几乎完全是通过抓一放型机器人进行的。通常采用平面关节型装配机器人(SCARA)，它可以抓取微小的电子元器件并以非常高的精度将其放到印刷电路板上。这类机器人每小时可以放置成千上万个元器件，其速度、精度和可靠性都远远超过了人类。

A major reason for the growth in the use of industrial robots is their declining cost.Since 1970s, the rapid inflation of wages has tremendously increased the personnel costs of manufacturing firms.In order to survive, manufacturers were forced to consider any technological developments that could help improve productivity.It became imperative to produce better products at lower costs in order to be competitive in the global market economy.Other factors such as the need to find better ways of performing dangerous manufacturing tasks contributed to the development of industrial robots.However, the fundamental reason has always been, and is still, improved productivity.工业机器人成本的降低是促进它们的使用量增长的一个主要原因。从20世纪70年代开始，工资的快速增长大大增加了制造业中的人工费用。为了生存，制造厂商被迫考虑采用一切能够提高生产率的技术。为了在全球性市场经济的环境中具有竞争能力，制造厂商必须以比较低的成本，生产出质量更好的产品。其他的因素，诸如寻找更好的方式来完成带有危险性的制造工作，也促进了工业机器人的发展。但是，其根本原因一直是，而且现在仍然是提高生产率。

One of the principal advantages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans.Welding and parting are examples of applications where robots can be used more safely than humans.Most industrial robots of today are designed to work in environments which are not safe and very difficult for human workers.For example, a robot can be designed to handle a very hot or very cold object that the human hand cannot handle safely.机器人的主要优点之一是可以在对于人类来说危险的环境中工作。采用机器人进行焊接和切断工作是比由人工来完成这些工作更为安全的例子。大部分现代机器人被没计用在对人类来说不安全和非常困难的环境中工作。例如，可以设计一个机器人来搬运非常热或非常冷的物体，这些物体如果用人工搬运，则存在不安全因素。

Even though robots are closely associated with safety in the workplace, they can, in themselves, be dangerous.Robots and robot cells must be carefully designed and configured so that they do not endanger human workers and other machines.Robot workspaces should be accurately calculated and a danger zone surrounding the workspace clearly marked off.Barriers can be used to keep human workers out of a robot's workspace.Even with such precaution it is still a good idea to have an automatic shutdown system in situations where robots are used.Such a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operations.尽管机器人与工作地点的安全密切相关，它们本身也可能是危险的。应该仔细地设计和配置机器人和机器人单元，使它们不会伤害人类和其他机器。应该精确地计算出机器人的工作空间，并且在这个工作空间的四周清楚地标出危险区域。可以通过设置障碍物来阻止工人进入机器人的工作空间。即使有了这些预防措施，在使用机器人的场地中设置一个自动停止工作的系统仍然不失为一个好主意。这个系统应当具有能够检测出是否有需要自动停止工作要求的能力。

Computer Numerical Control Today, computer numerical control machine tools are widely used in manufacturing enterprises.Computer numerical control is the automated control of machine tools by a computer and computer program.今天,计算机数控机床广泛应用于制造企业。计算机数控机床的自动控制是计算机和计算机程序。

The CNC machines still perform essentially the same functions as manually operated machine tools，but movements of the machine tool are controlled electronically rather than by hand.CNC machine tools can produce the same parts over and over again with very little variation.They can run day and night，week after week，without getting tired.These are obvious advantages over manually operated machine tools，which need a great deal of human interaction in order to do anything.数控机器仍执行相同的函数作为手动机床,但机床控制电子的运动,而不是用手。数控机床可以产生相同的部分,一次又一次变化很少。他们可以日夜不停地运转,一周又一周,没有累了。这些明显的优势在手动机床,需要大量的人工交互为了做任何事。

A CNC machine tool differs from a manually operated machine tool only in respect to the specialized components that make up the CNC system.The CNC system can be further pided into three subsystems：control，drive，and feedback.All of these subsystems must work together to form a complete CNC system.数控机床不同于一个手动机床只有在尊重专业的组件构成的数控系统。数控系统可以进一步分为三个子系统:控制、驱动,和反馈。所有这些子系统必须共同努力,形成一个完整的数控系统。1.control system 控制系统

The centerpiece of the CNC system is the control.Technically the control is called the machine control unit（MCU），but the most common names used in recent years are controller，control unit，or just plain control.This is the computer that stores and reads the program and tells the other components what to do.数控系统控制的核心。技术控制称为机控制单元(MCU),但近年来最常用的名字是控制器,控制单元,或者就是简单的控制。这是计算机存储和读取程序,告诉其他组件该做什么。

2.Drive system.驱动系统。

The drive system is comprised of screws and motors that will finally turn the part program into motion.The first component of typical drive system is a high-precision lead screw called a ball screw（Fig.50.1）.Eliminating backlash in a ball screw is very important for two reasons.First，high-precision positioning can not be achieved if the table is free to move slightly when it is supposed to be stationary.Second，materials can be climb-cut safely if the backlash has been eliminated.Climb cutting is usually the most desirable method for machining on a CNC machine.螺丝和汽车的传动系统是由部分程序,最终将变成运动。第一个组件的典型的驱动系统是一种高精度丝杠称为滚珠丝杆。消除反应在滚珠螺杆是非常重要的两个原因。首先,不能实现高精度定位如果表是免费的移动略当它应该是固定的。第二,材料可以安全地同向如果反弹已经消除。爬上切割通常是最可取的方法在数控加工机器。

Drive motors are the second specialized component in the drive system.The turning of the motor will turn the ball screw to directly cause the machining table to move.Several types of electric motors are used on CNC control systems，and hydraulic motors are also occasionally used.驱动电机驱动系统中的第二专业组件。电动机的转动将滚珠螺杆直接导致加工表。几种类型的电机是用在数控控制系统和液压马达也偶尔使用。

The simplest type of electric motor used in CNC positioning systems is the stepper motor（sometimes called a stepping motor）.A stepper motors rotates a fixed number of degrees when it receives an electrical pulse and then stops until another pulse is received.The stepping characteristic makes stepper motors easy to control.最简单的类型的电动机用于数控定位系统是步进电机(有时称为步进电机)。步进电机旋转固定数量的度当它收到一个电脉冲,然后停止,直到接收到一个脉冲。步进特性使步进电机容易控制。

It is more common to use servomotors in CNC systems today.Servomotors operated in a smooth，continuous motion—not like the discrete movements of the stepper motors.This smooth motion leads to highly desirable machining characteristics，but they are also difficult to control.Specialized hardware controls and feedback systems are needed to control and drive these motors.Alternating current（AC）servomotors are currently the standard choice for industrial CNC machine tools.这是今天使用伺服电机在数控系统中更为普遍。伺服电机运行在一个光滑、连续的活动,如离散运动的步进电机。这光滑的运动导致高度理想的加工特点,但他们也难以控制。需要专门的硬件控制和反馈系统控制和驱动这些汽车。交流电伺服电机目前工业数控机床的标准选择。

3.Feedback System 反馈系统

The function of a feedback system is to provide the control with information about the status of the motion control system，which is described in Figure 50.2.反馈系统的功能是为控制提供运动控制系统的状态信息,如图50.2所示。

The control can compare the desired condition to the actual condition and make corrections.The most obvious information to be fed back to the control on a CNC machine tool is the position of the table and the velocity of the motors.Other information may also be fed back that is not directly related to motion control，such as the temperature of the motor and the load on the spindle—this information protects the machine from damage.控制可以比较所需的条件的实际条件和改正。最明显的信息反馈给控制数控机器上工具的位置表和汽车的速度。其他信息也可以反馈,不是直接关系到运动控制,如电动机的温度和负载信息保护机器免受损坏。

There are two main types of control systems：open-loop and closed-loop.An open-loop system does not have any device to determine if the instructions were carried out.For example，in an open-loop system，the control could give instructions to turn the motor 10 revolutions.However，no information can come back to the control to tell it if it actually turned。All the control knows is that it delivered the instructions.Open-loop control is not used for critical systems，but it is a good choice for inexpensive motion control systems in which accuracy and reliability are not critical.主要有两种类型的控制系统:开环和闭环。一个开环系统没有任何设备来确定指令进行。例如,在一个开环系统,控制可以给指令将电动机10革命。然而,任何信息可以回到控制告诉它,如果它实际上控制知道是它的指示交付。开环控制不用于关键系统,但这是一个不错的选择廉价的运动控制系统的精度和可靠性并不是最关键的

Closed-loop feedback uses external sensors to verify that certain conditions have been met.Of course，position and velocity feedback is of primary importance to an accurate CNC system.Feedback is the only way to ensure that the machine is behaving the way the control intended it to behave.闭环反馈使用外部传感器验证某些条件已经满足。当然,位置和速度反馈是最重要的一个精确的数控系统。反馈是唯一的办法,以确保机器的行为控制计划的行为方式。

32、机械加工精度基础

加工是通过最简单和最廉价的方式将原材料转变为有用的产品。因此，只为了加工某些原材料和获得预期的产品，这样还不够。事实上，通过采用最简单、最快以及最高效的方法来实现预期的目标是非常重要的。如果采用的技术不够高效，所得零件的成本将会很高，并且这样的零件会在和其他制造商生产的类似零件的竞争中失去优势。同时，产品的生产时间应尽量短以使厂家占据更大的市场份额。

可以通过不同的方式对现代工业进行分类。其分类方式可以是按加工过程，按产品类型也可以按产量和差异程度分类。按加工过程分类可以用铸造行业和冲压行业以及类似的行业来印证。当按产品分类时，产业可以分为汽车行业，航空航天产业以及电子产业。第三种方式，即按产量分类，可以分为三种类型，大批量生产，单件小批量生产和中批量生产。以下让我们简要介绍每一类的特点。

大批量生产的主要特点是相同或相似零件产量高，时间周期较长。年产量不高于5万件就不能认为是大批量生产。正如你所期望的那样，产量是基于一个预设的销量并且其不直接受每日或每月订单量的影响。典型的大批量生产行业就是汽车行业。

单件小批量生产是基于小批量的销售订单。每一小批可以同20到200或更多类似零件组成，取决于消费者的需求。很明显，这类产业主要适用于二级承包商，他们主要生产类型多变的零件以供应不同类型的行业。其使用的机器必须可调节以使其配置满足订单零件的需要，因为订单零件种类通常是变化的。同时，为了完成各种不同的任务，工人应该经验丰富，因为制造不同的零件，其任务通常是有差异的。

中批量生产介于单件小批量生产与大批量生产之间。其产量范围是1万件到2万件之间，其采用的机床主要是可调机床和多功能机床。由于用户定制生产量的增加，此类产业也正在逐渐流行。

制造中一个非常重要的事实就是在加工零件时几乎不可能使零件获得理想的公称尺寸。这通常是由于一些不可预期的，尽管非常小的机床固有偏差和各种复杂的因素，如工件的弹性变形和回复，或者是由于加工过程中的安装、温度，甚至有时还包括工人的技术等因素。由于分析和完全消除此类因素的影响非常困难，建立一个偏差容许度对于基本尺寸会更可行，只要这样的偏差不会以有害的方式影响到零件的正常工作。从基本尺寸到每一侧的尺寸偏差（即正负偏差）决定了分别决定了尺寸的上下极限，并且此上下极限的差值即为公差。公差是一个正值。你可能会想到，公差大小取决于基本尺寸，公差大小是一个有数字字母的符号，称为公差等级。在ISO标准体系中，公差有18个标准等级，公差可以通过公式计算得到或者从ISO公布的手册中查到。很明显，在制造零件过程中，越小的公差就越需要高精度的机床，因此也增加了成本。

在零件装配前，配合面的尺寸关系必须明确。换句话说，必须建立两配合面好偏差所参考的零位线的位置。这实际上决定了配合面相对运动的松紧度和自由度。在配合的分类主要有三种，即间隙配合、过渡配合、和过盈配合。在所有的间隙配合中，轴的上极限总是小于配合孔的下极限。这在过盈配合中是不成立的，过盈配合中，轴的下极限必须大于配合孔的上极限。正如其名字所表示的那样，在过渡配合中，其属于中间配合。根据ISO标准，轴的制造总是参照内部零件，即轴的配合面是以孔为参照的。相应地，从配合位置看，键是以轴为参照的，键槽是以孔为参照的。

说明配合的类型的方式有两种，基轴制和基孔制。参照零位线的公差带是通过一个字母说明的，通常对轴用小写字母，对孔用大写字母，而公差等级是用一数字说明的，如先前提到的。因此一个配合方式可以表示为H7/h6，F6/g5，或者其他类似的方式。

当一个灯泡坏了的时候，你仅仅会买一个灯泡并且换掉原来的灯泡就行了。这个简单的操作并不需要一个装配工和一个机械师，但是如果没有两个重要的概念，互换性和标准化，这样的操作是不可能实现的。互换性即同一个零件必须可以互换，即是说这个零件可以替换其他的每一个零件，不管是在装配还是在维修过程中，都不需要任何配合操作。你很容易明白，互换性是通过建立一个可接受的公差来实现的，任何超出基本尺寸的偏差都是不允许的。

Process Planning Process planning is the determination of how a particular part will be manufactured in the shop.It consists of breaking manufacturing process for the part into small steps，and then determining the optimum method of achieving that manufacturing step.This includes determining the type of Manufacturing process to use，as well as the machining parameters for that particular process.It also includes determining a sequence of operations for the inpidual manufacturing actions that attempts to optimize a combination measure of manufacturing time and cost.工艺设计是确定如何制造一个特定部分的商店。它包括生产过程的部分分解成小步骤,然后确定最优方法制造的实现步骤。这包括确定生产过程使用的类型,以及加工参数对这个特定的过程。它还包括确定个人的操作序列生产行动,试图优化相结合的制造时间和成本。

The essence of the process planning task can be reduced to five basic steps.First，the required operations must be determined by examining the design data and employing basic machining data（such as that square parts cannot be made on lathes）.流程规划任务的本质可以概括为五个基本步骤。首先,所需的操作必须由检查设计数据和使用基本的加工数据(如广场部分不能在车床)。

Second，the machines required for each operations must be determined.This selection depends on knowledge of machine factors，such as availability，machining rate，size，power，and torque.第二,必须确定每个所需的机器操作。这个选择取决于机器的知识因素,如可用性、加工速度、大小、功率和扭矩。

Third，the required tools for each identified machine must be determined.第三,必须确定每个确定机所需的工具。

Fourth，the optimum cutting parameters for each selected tool must be determined.These parameters include feed rate，cutting rate，depth of cut，and so forth.This determination depends on design data, such as material and surface roughness specifications，and on tool-cutting behavior.第四,最优切削参数为每个选定的工具必须确定。这些参数包括加料速度、切削速度、深度减少,等等。这决心取决于设计数据,材料和表面粗糙度等规范行为。

Finally，an optimal combination of these manufacturing process must be determined.The optimum is the process plan that minimizes some measure of manufacturing time and cost.This provide a detailed plan for the economical manufacture of the part.最后,必须确定这些生产过程的最优组合。最优过程计划,最大限度地减少一定的制造时间和成本。这提供了一个详细的计划经济生产的部分。

Traditionally process planning is performed manually by highly experienced process planners who possess an in-depth knowledge of the manufacturing process involved and the capabilities of the shop floor facilities.Because of the experience factor involved in process planning and in the absence of standardization of the process, conventional process planning has largely been subjective.Moreover，this activity is highly labor intensive.Rather than carrying out an exhaustive analysis and arriving at optimum values which could be time consuming，process planners often tend to play safe by using conservative values and this situation would invariably lead to no-optimal utilization of the manufacturing facilities and longer lead times.传统工艺设计是由经验丰富的手动执行过程计划拥有深入的知识生产过程和车间设备的功能。因为经验因素参与过程的计划和在缺乏标准化的过程中,传统的工艺设计在很大程度上是主观的。此外,这个活动是高度劳动密集型的。而不是进行详尽的分析和到达最优值可以耗费时间,过程规划者往往玩安全使用保守的价值观,这种情况总是会导致生产设施的利用率和较长的交货期。

The need for shorter lead times，satisfying varied customer demands on the product variety and the optimum use of manufacturing facilities prompted research organizations and industries to automate many functions in the manufacturing process.Harnessing the power of the computer is extremely advantageous in process planning since vast amount of data needs to be used for making the right decision for planning the manufacturing operations.需要更短的交货期,满足不同客户需求的产品种类和生产设备的最佳使用促使研究组织和工业自动化生产过程的许多功能。利用计算机的力量是极其有利的过程规划以来,大量的数据需要用于制造业务的计划做出正确的决定。

Computer-aided process planning（CAPP）involves the use of computers to automate this process.The design data would typically be the finished part design file from the CAD system.As part of the realization of the gains of CIM，the CAM process are designed to start with this CAD design file as their input.This insures a continuity of information flow from design engineering to manufacturing engineering.It also provides an exactly accurate and well-structured form of input to manufacturing with no additional cost to design engineering.It is this well-structured input that allows for the use of computer-aided processes in manufacturing engineering.计算机辅助工艺规划(CAPP)涉及到电脑的使用自动化这个过程。设计数据通常是完成部分设计文件从CAD系统。作为实现的收益的一部分CIM,凸轮设计过程开始与这个计算机辅助设计文件作为输入。这确保连续性信息流从工程设计到制造工程。它还提供了一个完全准确、结构形式的输入制造没有额外成本设计工程。正是这种结构良好的输入允许使用计算机辅助制造工程流程。

There are two basic approaches to computer-aided process planning，i.e.variant or generative，which are briefly discussed below.计算机辅助工艺设计有两种基本方法,即。变体或生成,下面简要讨论。

The first of these is variant or retrieval method.In this method，the computer makes a search through its store of number of standard or partially completed process plans that have been previously developed by human planners.Using the current design data supplied by the CAD system，it searches for a plan that was based on a part of similar design.This search can make effective use of group technology design coding to simplify the search for similar code numbers，and hence for similar part designs.This original plan is then modified or completed by the human planners to suit the exact requirements of the current part design.The use of a computer and group technology to search for the most similar past design，and to retrieve the process plan for that design，significantly reduces the work required of the process planners.Their task becomes one of modifying the exist plan to suit the particular dimensions of the current part.They are required to perform the entire process planning method only in the case of a completely new part design.第一个是变体或检索方法。在这种方法中,计算机搜索的商店数量的标准或部分完成过程的计划,已经被人类以前开发的规划者。使用当前设计CAD系统提供的数据,搜索一个计划,是基于类似的设计的一部分。这个搜索可以有效利用成组技术设计编码简化搜索相似的代码数量,从而为类似的部分设计。这个原计划然后修改或完成人类的规划者,以适应当前的确切需求部分的设计。使用计算机和组技术来寻找最相似的设计,和检索流程规划设计,显著减少所需的工作流程的规划者。他们的任务成为修改计划以适应当前的特定维度存在的部分。他们只需要执行整个过程规划方法的一个全新的部分设计。

The second method of computerized process planning is the generative method.In this method，a process plan is automatically generated on the basis of the same logical procedures that would be followed by a traditional process planners in making that particular part.However，the generative method is complex because it must contain comprehensive and detailed information of the part shape and dimensions ；process capabilities；selection of the manufacturing methods，machinery，and tools；and the sequence of operations to be performed.计算机化工艺规划的第二个方法是生成方法。在这种方法中,一个过程的计划的基础上自动生成相同的逻辑程序,紧随其后的是一个传统工艺规划师在这个特定的部分。然而,生成方法是复杂的,因为它必须包含全面和详细的信息部分的形状和尺寸,过程能力;制造方法的选择,机械,工具,操作的顺序被执行。

The generative method is capable of creating a new plan instead of having to use and modify an existing plan（as the variant method must）.Although generally used less commonly than the variant method，this method has such advantages as（a）flexibility and consistency for the process planning for new parts and（b）higher overall planning quality.生成方法能够创建一个新计划而不是使用和修改现有计划(如变异方法必须)。虽然通常使用一般低于变异方法,该方法具有灵活性(a)和一致性的过程规划新部件和(b)质量更高的总体规划。

40、机床精度

现代机床是近乎完美的奇迹。考虑一个车床生产一个公差为50μm圆块，这是预期的性能,它意味着机器要保持滑动工具和旋转工件每边差25μm得关系,同时要做一遍又一遍。那个维度是不到一半的一根头发的厚度。

去车转一个一边宽差25μm圆快,工具必须先被调整,使之有12.5μm准确的尺寸。这样的一个微小数额是无法看见的,而现在的机器有夸大展示微小粗细视觉的操作。当金属被巨大的力在不同深度切割时,这台机器必须引导工具沿着一条确定的导轨并保持工件稳定，以便使工具和工件互不偏离超过12.5μm——这是不密切的工作。小于2.5微米的公差在某些操作中举行。

在运行中的错误是由机械工件引起的，如(a)不准确施工,(b)偏斜,(c)穿,(d)热膨胀,(e)污垢,(f)操作人员失误。好的设计和机器工具的操作取决于遵守使误差小的原则。这些原则被发现于构件、轴承、直学位和旋转运动,测量装置、标准建设良好的机器工具。

对于自动化机床用于控制误差的设计尤其重要,如数控就比那些操作者可以弥补错误如简单的手动机器人更注意控制误差的设计。对于构件，一个明显的特征是各机床工具的刚性。许多标准机床组件常被cast？,但是一些,尤其是特殊单元,则是通过钢板和部分焊接在一起建立的。

机床设计弹性元件的刚度特性的一个目的是保持和维护真实小挠度的队列。在机械原理表明,机器构件的挠度与立方体它的深度方向的载荷成反比。因此（机部工具分是深的方向和重肋的主要力量,采取其他部队和宽的时刻）。

机床部件设计不仅要求坚硬的,而是有更多的刚性与尽量少的重量。第一个显著的原因是机器必会被移动,至少从是产地的地方移动到使用它的地方。第二个原因是刚性而又质量小能避免振动,这能提高机器生产力。第三个原因则是移动的零件如果惯性小就比较容易精确控制, 在自动控制中特别重要。

对一个简单的情况下,任何一个单自由度的物体有一个自然频率即W n= k/m。因素m指的是构件的质量，而k则是与刚度成正比。因此,加强刚性与减小质量,能提高其固有频率。一个高固有频率是需求的,因为它不易被常规干扰影响。

导轨的制造对机械工具要求很高。导轨的要求是精度高，表面粗糙度低，摩擦力低价值和低磨损率

导轨的类型可分为存在滑动摩擦力的导轨也称为抗磨导轨和存在滚动摩擦的导轨也称为耐磨导轨。有许多传统的导轨被用于机床上。它们是V型滑槽,平面滑槽,燕尾槽。反摩擦导轨在滑动构件之间涉及中间滚动构件（滚珠或滚柱）,从而减少摩擦。

旋转工件或机床刀具被称为主轴。今天大多数机床工具主轴以滚动轴承运行。滚子轴承，通常是锥形的，用于在低速和中等速度时承重。球轴承运行自如,能承受高速,并适合于低重承载。球轴承的精度最高，预装和匹配套的选定都要尽量减少跳动。加压气体的高刚性，低摩擦滑动轴承用于高转速主轴。

在操作过程中，机械工具发热，温度上升是没有统一的规律。这意味着，一些工具的热变化比其他的大，也会引起路线和设置的变化。最引人注目的是机床操作的前两个小时，期间通常条件下温度平衡后才达到状态。转速运行在1000转的车床可以作为一个例子。在第一个小时，主轴箱气温上升约17℃，主轴向上移动50微米，向侧移动1 80微米。在第二个小时，主轴向上运动10微米，向侧移动2.5微米。房间温度的变化也有一定影响;据报道一天日夜温差4.5℃，引起了大型立式仿形车床移动80微米。一个熟练的操作者可以做很多，以补偿温度变化，但问题是自动化系统则很困难。

引起变形的热源可能存在周围环境、制造或加工过程和机械元件中,如轴承、电机等。一个明显的补救方法是工作在安装空调的房间或在冷却剂、冷却油、冷却液工作区域内。精密操作的机器最好是在工作前开启同时在休息或午餐时保持其运行。如电机等热源可以从机器内部移到机器外部。良好的机械设计需要考虑的热变形,以这种方式提供充分散热,加热元件的维护工作温度,并利用多种低膨胀合金。

第三篇：机械工程英语翻译

Unit1

1、What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table.Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans.合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。

Alloys contain more than one metallic element.Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy.Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium;and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel.合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。

2、Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio.为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。

Some metal alloys,such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy.Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable.某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。

3、The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties.In metals, the outer valence electrons are shared among all atoms, and are free to travel everywhere.Since electrons conduct heat and electricity, metals make good cooking pans and electrical wires.金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。在金属内部，原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。由于电子能导热和导电，所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。

It is impossible to see through metals, since these valence electrons absorb any photons of light which reach the metal.No photons pass through.因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子，所以透过金属不可能看得见。没有光子能通过金属.4、Some of the useful properties of ceramics and glasses include high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance.陶瓷和玻璃的特性高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。

Many ceramics are good electrical and thermal insulators.Some ceramics have special properties: some ceramics are magnetic materials;some are piezoelectric materials;and a few special ceramics are superconductors at very low temperatures.Ceramics and glasses have one major drawback: they are brittle.许多陶瓷都是电和热的良绝缘体。某些陶瓷还具有一些特殊性能：有些是磁性材料，有些是压电材料，还有些特殊陶瓷在极低温度下是超导体。陶瓷和玻璃都有一个主要的缺点：它们容易破碎。

5、An optical fiber