第一篇：英美国家概况主观题

1.Great Charter:

It refers to the document sealed by King John of England on June 15, 1215, which contains 63 clauses.The most important are as followed: the King could not exact payment from the vassals without their consent;no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of their property unless they are convinced by a jury;merchants would be allowed to move about freely.If the King attempted to free himself from the law, the vassals had the right to force him to obey the law by every means possible, even by means of a civil war.It is regarded as the foundation of the British constitutionalism.2.“A-level”:

A-level—is an academic qualification offered by educational bodies in the United Kingdom and the British Crown dependencies to students completing secondary or pre-university education.3.Pilgrim Fathers:

The first English immigrants who came to America by the ship Mayflower in 1620.They came to the America to run away from the religious persecution in England.They landed the America from Plymouth and settled down in this land.4.WASPs:

“WASP” stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant.It is considered the basis of the mainstream culture of the United States.The people who settled in the 13 North American colonies were mostly white European Protestant believers.The United States was founded and formed largely by Protestants.5.Wall Street:

Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long, 0.7 miles(1.1 km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan.Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.6.Independence Day:

Independence Day, commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.7.Hollywood:

Hollywood is the US film industry centre.It is located in Los Angeles, California.There are big movie companies, including the Warner Bros.Pictures, Universal Studios, Columbia Pictures, and Paramount Pictures.The annual Oscar Award held there attracts the attention of the world;it has become the synonym of American film.1.Democracy with a constitutional monarch:

Constitutional monarchy is a form of democratic government in which a nonpolitical monarch acts as head of state within the boundaries of a constitution, whether written or unwritten.While the monarch may hold formal reserve powers and while government officially takes place in the monarch’s name, they do not set public policy or choose political leaders.It can be defined as “a sovereign who reigns but does not rule.” This form of government differs from absolute monarchy, in which the monarch controls political decision-making and is not effectively bound by a constitutional order.2.British Newspaper Culture:The United Kingdom has one of the world’s oldest established newspaper industries.In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, as the British economy began to industrialise, as the development of the society, and as literacy levels rose through the introduction of mass education, more and more newspapers began to appear.They began to influence British society and people’s life.There are two kinds of newspaper in the UK: the “quality press” and “tabloid”.The types of newspaper can reflect the reader’s social class.The quality press, such as The Observer, The Guardian, and The Times normally carries in-depth articles of particular political and social importance and are generally read by well-educated, middle-class readers.The tabloid refers to smaller format newspaper with color photos and catchy headlines.They are usually about scandals and gossips about famous people, whether in politics, sports or entertainment.The articles are short and easy to read.The readers are normally working-class and lower class people.3.Industrial Revolution:

The First Industrial Revolution first originated in the UK.The Industrial Revolution took root in Britain for a variety of reasons.First, Britain had a huge market.Second, from the colonies in America and India, England acquired enormous wealth with which to develop its industries.Third, the enclosure movement deprived many small landowners of their property.The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions.They were the Spinning Jenny, the water frame, the power loom and the steam engine.By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain.It changed Britain in many ways.Its industrial productivity increased dramatically.Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization.The Industrial Revolution also created changed in the class structure.（谢福之P.20）

The Second Industrial Revolution（谢福之P.149）: The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century until World War I.It is considered to have begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1860s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line.The Third Industrial Revolution: The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more urban.Now a third revolution is under way.Manufacturing is going digital.4.Presidential Election:

America is a presidential government country.The presidential election is held every four years.The system of presidential government is complicated.It includes primary election, the popular vote, the Electoral College.The primary election is the first period.It is time for the party candidates won the presidential candidate of their own party.After the primary election, the candidate will spend huge amounts of money on electoral journey, competition on advertisement, electoral speeches and public debates.In most states, they work on “winner win all”.It means if one wins the most votes of states.He will gain all the votes of these states.American elections for the president are not decided directly by the popular vote, instead under the Electoral College.Each of the fifty states influence on the results equals its population.If both candidates gain 269 votes, or neither of them gains 270 votes, the president will be determined by the parliament.5.American Civil War:

In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing.Black slavery soon disappeared in the North.But things were different in the South.The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery.The problem of slavery became a serious political issue.The abolitionists tried to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it.When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed a new nation.Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery.So he issued Emancipation Proclamation.Thus England and France stood by the Union’s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army.After a series of battles, Robert Lee could no longer hold Richmond.He surrendered on April 9, 1865.The Civil War ended.6.Separation of Powers:

The American constitutional system includes a notion known as the Separation of Powers.In this system, 3 branches of government are created and power is shared between them.At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch.This is what the system of checks and balances is all about.There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution.First, the Legislative branch makes the law.Second, the Executive branch executes the law.Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law.Each branch has an effect on the other.

第二篇：英美国家概况总结

英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府

威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府

伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。

议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons下议院。

玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：

Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。

亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。

文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance 文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。英国内战 The Civil Wars 是国王和议会间的战争，Norttingham King Charles和议会开战，国王军是Cavaliers(骑士)，议会军是Roundheads(圆颅党)，因为他们短发。查尔斯战败，克伦威尔Cromwell称王。英国内战又称清教徒革命，因为国王的反对者多是清教徒Puritan。清教徒是基督教新教中的一派。这场战争颠覆了英国的封建制度，甚至动摇了欧洲的封建制度，被认为是世界现代史的开端。王朝复辟 The Restoration 克伦威尔死后，儿子Richard 继位，但是统治失败，议会选择让上代国王流放法国的儿子King Charles 二世回归。

光荣革命 The Glorious Revolution 奥兰治王室（William of Orange橘子？英国的名字真搞笑），用一场不流血的政变夺了王室的权，William and Mary 共同接受了Bill of Right(1689)权利法案，英国“光荣革命”后巩固资产阶级与封建贵族联合专政、确立君主立宪政体的宪法性文件之一。君主立宪由此开始。辉格党和托利党（Whigs and Tories）

两党名称来自光荣革命，辉格党就是后来的Liberal party，托利党是Conservative party 宪章运动Chartist Movement 由于对改革法案《Reform Act》和新贫困法《New Poor Law》的不满，工人组织了伦敦工人联盟London Working Men’s Association，起草了人民宪章《People’s Charter》，想让议会通过但是失败，宪章运动是第一次全国性的工人运动。

工会和工党 Trade Unions and Labor Party 工人意识到联合的重要性，于是工会出现，Grand National Consolidated Trade Union成立，是全国的大公会，后来Trade Union Congress 开始。殖民扩张Colonial Expansion 自1583年开始，英国在新大陆Newfoundland开始殖民统治，1900日不落帝国形成，“on which the sun never set” 君主政体

英国是君主立宪制 constitutional monarchy, 元首head of state is king or queen。Head of the commonwealth 是女王，现在是伊丽莎白二世。议会组成

House of lords 上议院 house of commons 下议院 下议院最有权力 政党：工党Labor Party 和Conservative Party保守党，政党的领导人是总理 Tony Blair是有史以来最年轻的工党领导人，总理。

枢密院 the Privy Council，是国家执行力机构，chief source of executive power in the state,可追溯到King’s Council 司法特点：no single legal system, no complete code,法律的来源包括：statutes法令，大量的common law，equity law衡平法，european community law。二战后英国经济的发展

50s-60s稳定发展阶段，70s经济萧条，80s经济恢复：撒切尔夫人Mrs.Thatcher当选总理，推行中期财政计划Medium-term Financial Strategy 国教established chruches：在英国church of england，在苏格兰church of scotland 非国教 unestablished churches：英国圣公会anglican chruches，自由教free churches，天主教roman catholic church *************************************************************************** 美国概况

国旗：13条状红白相间，代表original的13个州，50颗星，代表50个州 1492年，哥伦布发现新大陆，Christopher Columbus.独立战争the war of independence 1774年，第一届大陆国会continental congress在费城philadelphia召开，呼吁抵制英国货

1775年，lexington（列克星敦）和concord（康科德）打仗独立战争开始。同年，第二届大陆会议在费城召开，乔治•华盛顿为领导人

1776年，汤玛斯•杰佛逊起草独立宣言

1783年，巴黎条约签署treaty of paris，英国承认美国独立。1812年战争，the war of 1812 美国和英国间的最后一场战争，对美国影响很深，人们意识到强大的政府的重要性，加强了统一感和爱国感

美国内战the civil war 1861-1865，打了四年，北方胜利，北方为联邦军union army，南方为邦联军confederate army。林肯有名的葛底斯堡演说gettysburg address“that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth” 1865年，第13修正案终结了奴隶制。经济发展

镀金时代gilded age，借自马克吐温的书名，指内战到20世纪初，工业发展

亨利福特henry ford大规模生产汽车，莱特兄弟wright brothers设计第一架飞机升天，都在这个时候 1920s的大萧条与新政the great depression and the new deal 1929年，大萧条开始，持续4年

罗斯福新政，Franklin D Roosevelt, the new deal 美国与二战

1941年，珍珠港被袭击，美国正式参战，核心国axis powers 北大西洋公约组织the founding of NATO 1949年，北大西洋条约签署，North Atlantic Treaty,任何对缔约国的攻击视为对所有缔约国的攻击。条约的生效标志着美国在苏联周围建立军事联盟的开端。苏联采取了类似的行动，建立了德国民主共和国set up the German Democratic Republic.至此，冷战全面开始。1950s民权运动the civil rights movement 罗莎•帕克Rosa Parks,一位黑人女性，阿拉巴马，她拒绝给白人让座，被捕。马丁路德金开始领导黑人抵制。1956年，最高法院宣布阿拉巴马州的segregation laws unconstitutional。越南战争the vietnam war1950-1975(打了25年，有够长的)为了实施对共产主义的牵制政策，the policy of containment of communism,美国与越南战争，结果这是美国有史以来最长的战争。1973年美国和北越南north vietnam签署停火协议，cease-fire agreement。简单来说，越南当时像朝鲜般南北分裂，南方是社会主义的，北方是当时的统治阶级，南方想要解放全国，统一南北。美国横插一脚，支持北方，搞了25年，最终还是南方的社会主义胜利，统一了全国。西贡Saigon是原来的首都，后来改名为胡志明市Ho Chi Minh City。因为越南战争，美国国力下降，社会分歧，形象下降。

水门事件（Watergate scandal，或译水门丑闻）是美国历史上最不光彩的政治丑闻之一，其对美国本国历史以及整个国际新闻界都有着长远的影响，在1972年的总统大选中，为了取得民主党内部竞选策略的情报，1972年6月17日，以美国共和党尼克松Nixon竞选班子的首席安全问题顾问詹姆斯•麦科德（James W.McCord, Jr.）为首的5人闯入位于华盛顿水门大厦的民主党全国委员会办公室，在安装窃听器并偷拍有关文件时，当场被捕。由于此事，尼克松于1974年8月8日宣布将于次日辞职，从而成为美国历史上首位辞职的总统。中美关系

1972年，Nixon总统访华，签署上海公报Shanghai Communique。1979年，中美建交。美国宪法起草于1789年，世界上最早的成文宪法。共有7个articles。Articla I，the Legislative Article立法

只有国会有权立法，two-chamber system，包括senate参议院，house of representatives众议院。参议院100人，每个州来两人，众议院基于每个州的人口比例设立席位。Article II，Executive Article执法 总统任期4年

Article III，Judicial Article 司法

Supreme Court是国家的最高法院，以下是联邦法院federal court，最高法院和联邦法院的法官是总统任命，法官是终身职位。唯有最高法院有权解释宪法。三权分立checks and balances 立法，执法，司法三权分立，legislative，executive，judicial，国会可立法，总统可否决，国会可通过三分之二选票再次通过，总统不可否决，但最高法院可以判定它违反宪法而否决它。宪法修正案provisions for amendment 前十条宪法修正案称为bill of rights权利和自由法案

*************************************************************************** 加拿大概况

首都：渥太华Ottawa, 最大省：魁北克Quebec 第一大城市：多伦多，2：蒙特利尔，3：温哥华，4：渥太华 世界最大渔业出口国 国家元首：伊丽莎白二世

总督：履行女王职务governor general，实际政府领导人：总理prime minister 立法：议会立法parliament，议会由两部分组成senate（总督任命）和house of commons（根据人口），和美国类似，法律要两院通过，最后总督签字。

政党：自由党liberal party和保守党progressive conservative party 澳大利亚概况： 首都：堪培拉Canberra 第一大城：悉尼，2：墨尔本 世界最大羊毛出口国

国家元首：英女王，和加拿大一样有总督和总理，联邦制国家 政党：工党（最大党）australian labour party和自由党liberal party，和英国不同，澳大利亚有成文宪法

议会参照英国，上议院senate（the upper house）和下议院house of representatives（the lower house）新西兰概况

首都：惠灵顿Wellington 第一大城：奥克兰Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口国，称为the world’s biggest farm 国家元首：英女王 政体：议会制君主立宪制

爱尔兰概况（注意不是北爱尔兰哦，不是英国的一部分呢）首都：都柏林dublin 国家元首：注意了是总统 专八人文知识

1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学,音系学

3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科

4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学

5.acronym :首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。

7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻,一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）

8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)the ship of desert沙漠之舟

9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修饰法,一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观

cruel kindness

10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行诗体,一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式,莎士比亚用过此诗体。

13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果 14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。

15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.行话,一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology 16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陈腔滥调,陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的

17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重

18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象声词,词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19.hypotaxis:从属关系

20.parataxis:并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超验主义,一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握

22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美国

23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学,语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成

24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray

26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯

27.The title of the national anthem国歌 of Canada is O Canada.此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。

28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.词源学

30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除纽约市、南方、新英格兰

31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be pided into smaller meaningful parts.词素,一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更小的有意义单位

35.The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近,是著名的国际网球比赛地)

37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠

38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）.联合抵制,联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段

39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.种族隔离,强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策

40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.种族隔离制,南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.种族或宗教融合,在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离

42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another音位，音素,语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b

46.polysemy:一词多义

47.patron saint：保护圣徒,守护神

48.Parentese:父母语

49.back formation:逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter→ typewrite 50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.语素变体,语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.

第三篇：英美国家概况名词解释等

1.The civil rights movement

It is one of the most important of all social movements in the 1960s in America.Rosa Parks’ spontaneous action in 1955 was believed to the true beginning of the civil rights movement.The black students’ sit-in at a department lunch counter in North Carolina touched off the nationwide civil rights movement.During the first half of the decade, civil rights organizations like the SNCC,CORE,and SCLC struggled for racial intergration by providing leaderships,network and the people.In the latter half of the decade, some black organizations changed their nonviolent tactics, and emphasized on more radical means to end discrimination and raised the self-image of the blacks.The civil rights movement produced such great leaders as Martin Luther King.Jr, and Malcolm X, who inspired a generation of both blacks and whites to devote their lives to fighting for racial equality in th US.2.A federal system【联邦制】

It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constiuent parts, with some rights reserved to each.3.King Arthur

It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magica sword,Excalibur.His real existence is in doubt.He is the central figure of many legends.4.The Anglo-Saxons

They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century.They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.5.Riverdance[大河舞] It is a very popular form of dancing based on Ireland’s intricate[错综复杂的]folk dances which are rearranged and modernized and adapted onto current stage performance.Dancing is traditionally part of Irish culture.It is usually accompanied by the Irish pipe and fiddle.The music usually sounds fast and furious.Most of the action

is from the waist down, with the arms held rigidly at the sides.6.The House of Commons

It is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives(members of parliament)make and debate policy.These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.7.The Commonwealth【英联邦】

In the author’s opinion, the Commowealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.There are 50 members of the Commonwealth: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus;others are developed nations like Australia,Canada and New Zealand.The Commonwealth was set up as a form for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.8.Maoritanga

It is the Maori word for “Maori culture.” It refers to all the elements of the rich cultural heritage of the indigenous people in New Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions,9.The “Washminster” form polity

It is adopted by the Australian government.It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system.This means that the political structure of the government is base on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government.However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.10.Yellowstone National Park

It is the oldest and one of the largest national parks in the US.It is named after the Yellowstone River that flows through the area.It is known for its geysers and hot springs among other natural wonders.counterculture[反主流文化]

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left, there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture”.The counterculture rejected capitalism and other Americans principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some group of youth tried to construct different ways of life,.Among the most famous were the hippies.They thought new experience through dropping out, and drug taking.But it was music,rock music particular, that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.The counterculture exerted a great influence upon people’s attitudes toward social morals, marriage, career and success.Martin Luther King, Jr.A black Baptist minister, he was leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movements of the 1960s.To promote his philosophy of nonviolent protest against segregation and other kinds of social injustice, King organized a series of “marches”, including the march on Washington of August 1963, when King delivered his famous “ I Have a Dream” speech.As a civil rights leader, King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty, but also to raise the self image of the blacks.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Price in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.13．Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon was the former President of the United States.He won the elction in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972.While he was in office, he contributed to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and China and visited China in 1972.Shortly after he was re-elected ,he was involved in the

Watergate scandal,for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.1.Explain your understanding of how the United States is governed according to its constitution, including its polity and the check and balance mechanism of governing.if Congress proposes a law that the president think is unwise, the president can veto it.That means the proposal does not became law.Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a low which is the challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions,including the position, of Supreme Court justice.The Senate,however,must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official.In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments.2.How do you understand the saying: ”British history has been a history of invasion.” ?

Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people:a powerful cultural originating in central Europe.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by Roman Empire, and England and Wales became part of the Roman Empire for nearly400 years.As the Roman Empire came under threat from the east, the Roman armies and Roman protection were withdrawn from Britain, and Britain was again pided into small kindoms, and

again it came under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples:the Angles,and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader-King Arthur appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur,drove the Saxons back.whatever Arthur’s success,legend or not,it did not last,for the Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain,and either absorbed the Celticpeople,or pushed them to the western and northern edges of Britain.From the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.Their settlements in England grew until large areas of northern and eastern England were under their control.1066, the Normans, from northern France, whowere descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they cross the English Channel and in the Battle of Hastings, defeated an English army under King Harold.This marks the last time.that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invading

3.Your understanding of the characteristics of American religion and its social functions

First of all, American with different religions live together under the same law.The Bill of Rights in the US Constitution

insists that there should be no state religion.That means that the government has no right to interfere in people’s religious affairs.The freedom of religion and the separation of state and church guaranted in the Constitution is believed to be the basic principles against religious persecution.Secondly,the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.Every Sunday morning, all over America people pour into the churches.Half of American Protestants are active church members, and there are few who habitually stay away.Not only the Catholic churches,but the Protestant ones too,are flourishing,and new ever-growing suburbs.Through all the social and economic changes religion has remained a constant factor.Thirdly,in the united states every church is a completeluy independent organization,and concerned with its own finance and its own building.if one goes to a Protestant church,he or she will hear morality preached,but not a word of doctrine.Churches and religious sects are expressions of group solidarity rather than of rigid adherence to doctrine.

第四篇：英美文学主观题

Neoclassicismage: 1660-1798

．It mainly applies to the classical tendency which dominated the literature of the 17th century and 18th century.It was, at least , the result of a reaction against the fires of passion which had blazed in the late Renaissance, especially in the metaphysical poetry.And Neoclassicism esteemed objectivity, harmony, rationality, dignity, proportion, and moderation, stressed artistic systems and technical correlation of stylistic components, admired conciseness, elegance, good taste and wit, combined pleasure with instruction and matched content to style.．Its representatives are: John Dryden, Alexander Pope, etc.Romanticism age: 1798-1870

．Romanticism stresses inpidual and creative function of imagination.It places inpidual at the very center of all life and all experience and at the center of art.．Its characteristics are:

Romanticism is a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions are more important than reason and common sense.Romantics do not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God

They emphasize inpidualism, placing the inpidual against the group,against authority.They affirm the inner life of the self, and want each person to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts

They cherish strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.They are interested in variety and attracted by the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, remote, the mysterious, and the strange.．Characteristics of romantic writers and their works:

ImaginationWorship of nature Symbolism and myth Simplicity and humanity Spontaneity

．Characteristics of romantic poets and their works:

An increasing interest in nature and scenery.More attention to the spiritual and emotional life to man Loose poetic form

Informal, free language of the common people Victorian literature age:1836-1901

1.magnitude & persity2.many-sided & complex

3.romantically & realistically in life&thought 4.Great writers & great works abounded

Victorian literature naturally took on its quality of magnitude and persity.it was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.The Renaissance Periodage: 1500-1660

．“Renaissance”---“rebirth”

．a reawakening／ learning →Greece & Rome

of— the inpidual → self-expressioninterest in＼ the world of nature →

appreciation of beauty；discovery of new lands & scientific truths ．The essence of the Renaissance spirit:

the idea that people were wonderful creatures that could reason and create.“Man is the measure of all things”

．The chief character: the expression of secular values with man instead of God as the centre of the universe.1.It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms the value of man, which often implies a lessening in the power of God.2.It advocates the full expression of inpidualism and the fulfillment of one’s abilities.3.It affirms the delight of earthly achievement, as well as man’s desire for happiness and pleasure.theme of Sonnet 18

In this sonnet, Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.A nice summer's day is usually transient, but the beaut in poetry can last for ever.The author has a faith in the permanence of poetry.Rhetorical devices: metaphor;personification.Pride and Prejudice

In the opening sentence of the novel, Jane Austen is making an ironic suggestion that the families in the society she wrote about were always looking for rich husbands to whom they could marry their daughters.The sentence sets the tone for the entire novel.“it is a truth universally acknowledged” implies that the novel will deal with truths, but the second half of the sentence reveals that the great universal truth is no more than a consideration of a common social situation.Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe is a typical eighteenth century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment.He is a new man sure of himself and sure of being able to establish himself anywhere in the world.He is the age in which doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and confidence.He is ready to command nature and to found his colony beyond the sea.He is a merchant-adventurer, interested in material profits.In all, Crusoe is an embodiment of the spirit of inpidual enterprise and colonial expansion of the rising bourgeoisie.

第五篇：英美概况总结

英美概况总结

1.Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors except __D___.英国之所以能成为世界上最早开始工业化的国家,原因有很多。但英国是从 17 世纪以后逐步 开始对海外贸易和开拓海外殖民地产生浓厚兴趣的。A Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade.B Britain had many rivers, which were useful for transport.C British engineers had sound training and the inventors were respected.D British government was increasingly interested in overseas and colonies after the 17th century.2.The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.The monarch has very little power.英国是君主立宪制国家，国王或女王（君主）几乎没什么实质性的权力。

3.the Conservative Party has always had strong links with the trade unions and received financial support from them? 保守党和自由党是英国最早成立的两个党派。大致来说，保守党是中上 层阶级的党，它得到大公司财政上的支持；而工党主要得到工会的支持，它的支持者主要是 中产阶级和知识分子。

4.On accepting Bill of Rights, the age of constitutional monarchy, of a monarchy with powers limited by Parliament, began.《权利法案》的签署，标志着英国进入了君主立宪制时代，一个君主几乎没有什么实质性权 力并受制于议会的时代。

5.Females were allowed to vote in national elections until 1918.直到 1918 年妇女才在全国大选中享有选举权。

6.The British North America Act of 1867 established Canada as a domain.《1867 年英国北美法案》将加拿大纳为它的自治领。

7.During World War II, as a war leader,Winston Churchill received massive popular support and led his country to final victory in 1945.在第二次世界大战中，当时的英国首相丘吉尔作为战 争统帅受到了英国人民的广泛拥戴，并带领英国人民赢得了战争的最后胜利。8.The Falkland Islands war was between Britain and Argentina.福克兰群岛战役是发生在英国和阿根廷着这两个国家之间。位于大西洋南部的福克兰群岛从 1892 年起就是英国的海外殖民地，1982 年阿根廷开始控制这些岛屿，但是英国最终打败了 阿根廷，并重新占领了这些岛屿。

9.In Britain, a by-election is held when a Member of Parliament dies, retires or resigns.英国的下院议会成员中有人去世、退休或辞职时，就要进行补缺选举。

10.In the United Kingdom, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.在英国，部长们是由首相推荐，女王加以任命的。

11.There are 651 members in the House of Commons.下议院共有 651 名议员。

12.Which of the following people didn’t use to be the British Prime Minister? A.Margaret Thatcher B.Winston Churchill C.Horatio Nelson(c)D.John Major 撒切尔夫人，丘吉尔和梅杰都曾经做过英国首相；而纳尔逊（1758-1805），英国海军统帅，因作战负伤，右眼失明，失去右臂。后任地中海舰队司令，在特法尔加角海战中大败西班牙 联合舰队，本人受重伤阵亡，号称 Viscount Nelson。13.By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign in the United Kingdom.在英国，按照传统，多数党的领导人由君主任命为首相，首相从本党内 部挑选一些领导人担任各部部长职位。

14.The Tories were the forerunners of the Conservative Party, which still bears this nickname today.托利党是英国保守党的前身。

15.In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the second largest number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.在英国，在下议院中赢得第二席位的政党为反对党，它也有它自己的领导和影子内阁（shadow cabinet）。

16.The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize Britain’s economic decline.现在“英国病”这一术语经常用来指英国经济上的衰退。

17.The 1980s was remembered as the decade of privatization.正如 20 世纪 40 年代被看作是国有化的时代一样，20 世纪 80 年代被看作是私有化的时代。包括英国石油、航空、钢铁、电讯在内的几乎 40% 的国有公司实现了私有化。

18.Today, in Britain，coal mining is called a “sick” industry.英国煤矿业被称为生病工业。英国的煤产量在一战前达到顶点，如今的英国的煤矿业衰退，从而导致矿工的数量、煤矿的总产量大大下降。

19.The first steam engine was devised by Thomas Newcomer at the end of the 17th century, and the Scottish inventor James Watt modified and improved the design in 1765.第一台蒸汽机是 Thomas Newcomer 在 17 世纪末设计的，后来苏格兰发明家瓦特在 1765 年 对原有的设计进行了改进提高，生产出了第一台高效的蒸汽机并应用到纺织和其他机械业 中。

20.The Industrial Revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。21.Cotton Textile is the key to Industrial Revolution.纺织业的改革是英国工业革命的主要成 就之一。

22.Romanticism became a literary current during the period of the successful Industrial Revolution.工业革命时期的主要文学流派是浪漫主义。

23.Modern football game began in England.现代的足球运动起源于英国。其正宗的老家在英格兰，19 世纪兴起。

24.Prime Minister is the leader of the British government.英国的政体是君主立宪制。国王（女王）是国家元首，但政府的首领为首相。

25.The second largest city in England,Birmingham, is a metropolitan district and an industrial and manufacturing city.英国的第二大城市伯明翰位于英格兰中部平原，是国际化大都市，也是 英国的工业和制造业中心。

26.The Romans introduced Christianity into Britain.公元 43 年，罗马人占领英国，其后统治了 400 多年。基督徒就是在这一时期由罗马人传入英国的。

27.The real power of the British government lies in the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister.君主立宪制下，国王的作用更侧重于其象征意义，而实权为内阁所有，内阁由首相率领。

28.In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 to 16.英国的教育体系中的义务教育阶段是 5-16 岁，这是每一位学生在学校学习的最低年限。

29.The longest river in Britain is the Severn River, and the largest river in the USA is the Mississippi.英国最长的河是塞文河，全长 355 公里，美国最长的河是密西西比河，长 4000 公里左右。

30.The general election in Britain is held every five years.英国大选每 5 年举行一次。31.Which of the following tribes first came to Britain? A Roman B Anglo-Saxons C Jutes D Celts(D)凯尔特在公元前 700 年到英国，罗马人在公元 1 到 5 世纪统治英国，5 世纪中期盎格鲁撒克 逊人侵占英国，因此凯尔特人是最早踏入英国的。32.The Hundred Years’ War between Britain and France was fought from 1337 to 1453.英法百年战争爆发于 1337 年到 1453 年间，中间还发生了黑死病。

33.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year 1949.爱尔兰共和国在 1949 年独立。

34.The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution.英国内战于 1642 年到 1646 年间 发生，国王查尔斯与议会发生争执，实际上是国王与清教徒之间的矛盾引起的，结果议会胜 利。

35.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east, 英国南面与法国隔着英吉利海峡。

36.The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh.英国最大的湖是内伊湖，最长的河流是塞文 河。

37.The majority of people in Scotland live in the central Lowlands? 苏格兰中低部适合人类生存，是苏格兰工业和人高度集中的地区。

38.In Britain only about 2% of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.由于英国农作业时的高度机械化，只需利用全国 2%的人口来耕作大面积农地。39.The two important crops in Britain are wheat and barley.小麦和大麦是英国最重要的庄稼。

40.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education.英国的义务教育是从 5 岁到 16 岁，所以期间的教育全部免费。41.Which of the following is the British oldest daily newspaper?(D)A The Telegraph B The Guardian C The News of the World 英国历史上最悠久的日报是《泰晤士报》。D The Times 42.The river Thames is in England.泰晤士河位于英格兰。

43.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.工业革命最早从英国开始。44.Which of the following is true under Thatcher’s administration?(C)A The proportion of owner-occupation decreased.B Public housing became more important.C Many public houses were sold to people.D The UK became more European-like in its housing arrangement.1979 年撒切尔夫人成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策称被为“撒切尔主义”。其内容包 括国有企业私有化，采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，削弱工会的影响，加强市场因素在 经济中的作用，将公有住房卖给公众，强调法律和秩序。在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功 的。她领导英国经济度过了一段最繁华的时期。

45.Britain has its nuclear naval force since it’s a traditional sea power.英国拥有其海军核力量与其一贯的霸主地位是密切相关的。

46.Which of the following is the oldest national Sunday newspaper in Britain?(C)A The Times B The Guardian C The Observer D The Financial Times 《观察家报》创刊于 1791 年，是英国创刊最早的星期日报纸。

47.Big Ben was named after Benjamin Hall.据说 Big Ben 得名于它在 1859 年修建时候的建造者 Benjamin Hall。

48.The Capital of Wales is Cardiff.威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫。49.Portsmouth is England’s biggest naval base.英国最大的海军基地是普茨茅斯。

50.There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and the Labour Party.英国奉行的是两党制。其两大主要政党是保守党和工党。1.Which name is NOT related to Britain?(D)A Northern Ireland B Scotland C Wales D Toronto 2.The news agency Reuters was founded in London.路透社创建于伦敦。

3.The tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.伦敦塔是 1078 年为防止罗马入侵由威廉大帝修建的。

4.The Anglo-Saxon were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.英国民族的前身是安格鲁萨克森人。

5.Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland.格拉斯格是苏格兰最大的城市和经济中心。6.In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 can legally receive completely free education.英国小孩 5—16 岁的教育是免费的。

7.The Industrial Revolution started in the Great Britain.工业革命起源于英国。

8.Ben Nevis is the name ofBritain’s highest mountain? 本尼维斯山为英国最高峰。9.The United Kingdom is the correct name to use to refer to Britain in a political way.提起英国，很多人会使用名字“Britain”“England”或“British”，但这往往会惹恼苏格兰人，威尔士 人以及北爱尔兰人。从政治角度来讲，“the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland”或 “the United Kingdom/UK”是英国正确的叫法。“the British Isles”则是地理意义 上的名字，包括 Great Britain，the whole of Ireland（Northern and Southern），the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 这些岛屿。Britain has, for centuries , been slowly tilting with the North-West slowly rising and the South-East slowly sinking.英国几个世纪以来地势一直在缓慢地倾斜，表现为西北部在慢慢上 升，而东南部在慢慢下沉，所以英国的西北部为高地。

11.The two areas in Britain where a lot of immigrants live are London and heart of England.现 在，英国移民主要集中在伦敦及英格兰心脏地带的一些城市和城镇，诸如 Slough, Leicester, Wolverhampton, Birmingham, Luton, Bradford, Coventry, Bedford 和 Reading 等等。

12.The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses.英国国旗为红白蓝三色的米字旗（也叫“Union Jack”，是由三个十字组成。）13.Which flower is symbol of England?(D)A Thistle B Shamrock C Daffodil D Rose A，蓟是苏格兰的象征，用作苏格兰的国徽；B，三叶苜蓿花为爱尔兰的国花；C，黄水仙 花是威尔士的国花；D，玫瑰则是英格兰的国花。

14.Lake District was the home of the Lake Poets William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge and Robert Southey of 19th century Britain.位于英格兰西北部和威尔士北部的湖区是英国著 名的风景区之一，也是英国十九世纪湖畔诗人聚居的地方。

15.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.最早来英国定居的是伊比利亚人。大约

在公元前 3000 年左右，也就是新石器时代，他们从伊比利亚半岛（即今天的西班牙）来到 英国。

16.Julius Caesar invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC.英国的历史是从罗 马人的入侵开始的。恺撒，这位伟大的罗马将军，在公元前 55 年第一次带兵入侵并征服了 英国。

17.Which one is not the reason for the very limited influence of Roman to Britain? A The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.B The Romans and Britons never intermarry during the 4 centuries C The Romans didn’t like the Britons.D The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.(c)尽管罗马人征服了英国，但是罗马文化对英国的影响十分有限。这主要是因为：罗马人一直 把英国人看作是社会地位相当于奴隶的被降伏的民族； 在长达四个世纪的时间里从来没有罗 马人跟英国人通婚；罗马人对英国平民阶层的语言和文化没有任何影响。18.The Hundred Years’ war with France ended by the English being driven out of France.By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English.英法之间的百年战争以英国人被赶出法国而告终。到 1453 年战争结束时，只有法国北部的 加莱港还在英国人手里。

19.Which war had little effect on ordinary people but gave a death blow to feudalism?(A)A The Wars of the Roses C The English Civil War B The Hundred Years’ War D World War I 尽管玫瑰战争持续了 30 年，但对老百姓的生活几乎没什么影响，反倒使英国的封建主义受 到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱。20.The English Civil War, also called the Puritan Revolution , is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.英国内战也叫“清教徒革命”，这是因为反对国王的人大 部分是那些清教徒。英国内战不仅推翻了英国的封建制度，也动摇了欧洲封建统治的基础。所以，从这个角度讲，英国内战通常被看作现代世界史的开端。

21.Scotland is the home of golf.高尔夫是一项古老的贵族的运动，源于十五世纪或更早以前 的苏格兰，苏格兰地区山多，气候湿润，多雾，非常适合牧草生长，这里的工业文明以前是 连绵不断的牧场。相传当时牧羊人放牧闲暇时，用木板玩游戏，将石子击入兔子窝或洞中。

久而久之形成了使用不同的球杆并按一定的规则击球。

22.Which of the follwing languages is NOT spoken in Scotland? A English B Scottish C Gaelic D Denish(D)Gaelic 苏格兰盖尔语是高地苏格兰人的传统语言；更多人使用的语言是英语。一直到 15 世 纪末，盎格鲁人仍然以他们的语言称苏格兰盖尔语为「苏格兰语」（盎格鲁语：Scottish）。23.The election of 1979 made Margaret Thatcher to power and she became the first woman prime minister.Margaret Thatcher 在 1979 年成为英国首相，为英国史上第一个女首相。

24.To its full sense, the British Parliament consist of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.具体的说，英国的议会是由元首，上议院和下议院组成。其中，元首没 有实权，上议员由大法官（Lord Chancellor）掌权，是由神职议员（the Lord Spiritual）和世 俗议员（the Lord Temporal），下议院的成员是通过选举产生的 651 名议员,以首相为首。

25.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the center of London, was built by William the Conqueror.伦敦塔名为 “塔” 实际上是公元 11 世纪处于罗马统治时期的一座城堡式建筑。，26.There are two state churches in Britain.英国有两大国教： 在英格兰是英格兰教（Church of England）或者英国圣公会，在苏格莎白的头衔全称为“托上帝宏恩，大不列颠及北爱尔兰 联合国和她的其他领土和领地的女王、英联邦元首、基督教的保护者伊丽莎白二世”。可见，英女王是基督教的保护者。

27.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son Richard, the regime began immediately to collapse.Oliver Cromwell 的儿子在父亲过世后继承王权，但是不久后掌控的政体瓦解。1660 年，议 会扶植流浪法国的前国王儿子 Charles 二世当国王。28.The twenty-first birthday is a great event in Britain since it marks the beginning of full manhood or womanhood.在英国,21 岁生日是个大生日,因为他们认为 21 岁是大人开始的年 龄。

29.Reuters was founded in 1851.路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯 社。1850 年由保罗·朱利叶斯·路透（paul julius reuter）在德国亚琛创办，1851 年迁址到 伦敦。创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。1865 年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为 一家大公司。

英国文学 1.Irony refers to some contrast or discrepancy between appearance and reality.irony 是指“反讽”，揭示事物表面与真相的差别。

2.Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England.Aflred Tennyson 被称为维多利亚时代最杰出的英国诗人。他的主要作品为：The Princess，Maud 和短诗 Break，Break，Break。

3.James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT__C__.A Dubliners B A Potrait of the Artist as a Young Man C Jude the Obscure D Ulysses Jude the Obscure 是 Thomas Hardy 的作品。4.Which of the follwing poets is different from the others? A John Donne B John Keats C Lord Byron A D Percy Bysshe Shelley 除了 John Donn 是玄学派诗人外，另外三位为浪漫主义派诗人。5.William Wordsworth is an English _A___.A poet B novelist C playwright D critic William Wordsworth 是英国前浪漫主义诗人。

6.The compiler of A Dictionary of the English Language is Samuel Johnson.Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）编写的《英语字典》是之后所有英语字典的基石。

7.My Last Duchess is a monologue poem written by Robert Browning.Robert Browning（1812-1889）擅于写独角剧，他的代表作是 My Last Duchess 和 Meeting at Night。8.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty” is an epigrammatic line by John Keats.Beauty is truth, truth beauty 是 John Keats 的写作宗旨，他用尽毕生精力追求能够表达一切美 丽事物的诗篇。

9.Paradise Lost is a masterpiece by John Miltom.《失乐园》和《复乐园》均为 John Milton 作。

10.James Joyce mostly wrote about his hometown Dublin.James Joyce 出生于爱尔兰的首都都柏林，主要作品有： Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man，A Ulysses。故事合集 Dubliners。

Land and People

1.The official name of Great Britain is___.(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)2.On the British Isles there were two countries before___.(1918)3.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year___.(1949)4.Of all the four parts of Island in Great Britain ___ is the largest in area.(England)5.In ___ the British Commonwealth was founded.(1913)6.The Strait of Dover is only ___