第一篇：从餐桌礼仪中西方文化差异

从餐桌礼仪中西方文化差异

由于中西方所处的自然环境和劳动方式的不同,使中西方在餐饮礼仪方面有许多差别。我国的饮食文化源远流长,博大精深,据文献记载:至少在周代,饮食礼仪已形成了一套相当完善的制度。这些礼仪日臻成熟和完善,它们在古代社会发挥过重要的作用,对现代社会依然产生着影响。西方餐桌礼仪起源于法国梅罗文加王朝,在20世纪,意大利文化流入法国。我们的祖先也曾与现代人一样，使用刀叉而非筷子。刀叉要同时使用左右手，因此人与人之间要保持相当的距离。同时刀叉只适于近距离的传输，大概也就限于从胸前的盘子到嘴之间。如果这个距离按合餐制的要求，至少要延长到嘴到桌子的中心，也就是说至少要比桌子的半径更长。显然，刀叉承担不了这个距离的传输功能。而筷子出现后，合餐就方便多了。从这个角度，我们大概可以这样理解，西方人至今仍然使用刀叉进食，与他们保持分餐制是互为因果的。

现代中国常用的餐具有：筷子（chopsticks）、勺子（ladle）、盘子（plate）等，它们分别与西方的刀叉（knives and forks）、铁匙（spoon）及碗（bowl）相对应。它们的使用，亦有讲究。

加拿大餐桌礼仪

加拿大（Canada）是一个移民国家，拥有丰富多彩的饮食文化。其中，“三不”饮食文化别有一番情趣。

对中国人来讲，不论是家里还是酒店宴请朋友，一般都离不开烟酒，否则就有怠慢之嫌。然而，在加拿大请客吃饭则都不设烟酒。饮酒者只能在领有酒牌的地方或住宅内喝酒。在这些地方以外饮酒都是违法的。由此可见，加拿大人十分重视健康，甚至将禁烟禁酒的规则搬到了餐桌。而在中国则没有这样的特殊礼仪。

你听说过加拿大的“冷餐宴会”吗？那就是因为菜肴烧得比较早，时间一长，也就成了凉菜。加拿大人喜欢吃冷食，而中国人则有所不同，热菜是中国饮食文化的一大特色。

加拿大人宴请客人是不安排桌席的。通常是客人们手拿一次性使用的塑料餐盒和叉子，自己动手随意选取自己喜爱吃的食物和菜肴，然后自找地方用餐。客人们可无拘无束，如果没吃饱，还可以去取食。食毕要将一次性餐具放到废物的大塑料袋中。而中国人热闹，大多一堆人围成一桌进餐，而且讲究排列位次，通常是有主次尊卑之别。在中国的宴席中，必须要所有人都到齐了，才能开始进餐。中国人用筷子最有讲究了，如和人交谈时，要暂时放下筷子，不能一边说话，一边象指挥似地舞筷子，不能把筷子竖插放在食物上面，这样不吉利。

加拿大的餐桌礼仪除了以上几种特别的要求外，大多数与其他西方国家的没有什么差异，同样要注意坐姿和刀叉的使用，同样与中国的餐桌礼仪大有不同之处。

1.中西方餐桌文化

餐桌文化由于地域、环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。

2.中国餐桌文化

中国餐桌文化的历史源远流长。古有“民以食为天”、“丰衣足食”之说，今有“人是铁，饭是钢，一顿不吃饿得慌”的俗语。人们把饮食文化作为生活的重要部分，常以饮食的好坏来衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的节日也都与饮食相关联。由此可见，自古以来，中国人对饮食的重视一直延续至今。

另一方面，作为东方礼仪之邦，重视宴席座次礼仪、受礼仪是中国人数千年的传统。据有关史料记载，至少在周代，我国饮食礼仪就已经初步形成，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系，并对西方餐桌文化产生一定影响。

随着时代的变迁，饮食文化正向多元化发展。自清代以来，一些西餐礼仪被引进。中西餐餐桌文化的交流，使得餐桌礼仪更加科学合理。

在中国，圆形餐桌颇受欢迎。因为圆形的可以坐更多人，而且大家可以面对面坐，一家之主的身份并不像西方长形餐桌上很清楚地通过他的座位而辨认。客人应该等候主人邀请才[1]可坐下。主人必须注意不可叫客人坐在靠近上菜的座位。此为一大忌。必须等到所有人到齐才可以开始任何形式的进餐活动———即使有人迟到也要等。进餐期间，主人必须承担一个主动积极的角色———敦促客人尽情吃喝是完全合理的。中式菜肴大多数不会只有一种材料，通常有其他伴菜或配料衬托主菜，以做出色香味俱全的菜肴，例如烹煮猪肉，会以爽脆的绿色蔬菜做伴菜，如芹菜或青椒，衬托粉红色的猪肉。一顿饭不会只有一款菜肴，通常同时端上两款、甚至四款菜肴，且每款菜肴都要色香味俱全，端上次序则以菜肴的搭配为大前题，通常同类的菜肴会同时端上，不会前后分别端上，总之整顿饭都要讲求协调的搭配。

除了汤之外，席上一切食物都用筷子。可能会提供刀具，但最好是用筷子。筷子是进餐的主要工具，因此千万不可玩弄筷子。不可用筷子敲击其他物品，更不可以用筷子对人指指点点或打手势示意。绝对不可吸吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌，被认为是不吉利的。再有，不可用筷子在一碟菜里不停翻动，应该先用眼睛看准你想取的食物。当你用筷子去取一块食物时，应尽量避免碰到其他食物。吃完饭或取完食物后，要将筷子放回筷子座。一席中式餐饮如果没有茶便称不上正式了。为此，尽可能贮存不同品种的茶，以便照顾到客人不同的品茶需要。有关茶的问题，应该注意一些事宜。座位最近茶壶的人应该负责为其他人和自己斟茶———斟茶的次序按照年岁，由最长者至最年青者，最后为自己斟。当他人为你斟茶时，礼节上应该用手指轻敲桌子，这样做是对斟茶者表示感谢和敬意。

一席中式餐饮如果没有茶便称不上正式了。为此，尽可能贮存不同品种的茶，以便照顾到客人不同的品茶需要。有关茶的问题，应该注意一些事宜。座位最近茶壶的人应该负责为其他人和自己斟茶———斟茶的次序按照年岁，由最长者至最年青者，最后为自己斟。当他人为你斟茶时，礼节上应该用手指轻敲桌子，这样做是对斟茶者表示感谢和敬意。

3.西方餐桌文化

西餐菜单上有四或五大分类，分别是开胃菜、汤、沙拉、海鲜、点心等。应先决定主菜。主菜如果是鱼，开胃菜就选择肉类，在口味上就比较富有变化。西餐的第一道菜是头盘，也称为开胃品。开胃品的内容一般有冷头盘和热头盘之分。味道以咸和酸为主，数量少，质量较高。和中餐不同的是，西餐的第二道菜就是汤。大致可分为清汤、奶油汤、蔬菜汤和冷汤等4类。鱼类菜肴一般作为西餐的第三道菜，也称为副菜。通常水产类菜肴与蛋类、面包类、酥盒菜肴品都称为副菜。肉、禽类菜肴是西餐的第四道菜，也称为主菜。最有代表性的是牛肉或牛排。蔬菜类菜肴可以安排在肉类菜肴之后，也可以和肉类菜肴同时上桌，所以可以算为一道菜，或称为一种配菜。蔬菜类菜肴在西餐中称为沙拉。西餐的甜品是主菜后食用的，可以算做是第六道菜。它包括所有主菜后的食物，如布丁、冰淇淋、奶酪、水果等。西餐的最后一道是上饮料，咖啡或茶。

使用刀叉时，从外侧往内侧取用刀叉，要左手持叉，右手持刀。切东西时左手拿叉按住食物，右手拿刀切成小块，用叉子往嘴里送。用刀的时候，刀刃不可以朝外。进餐中途需要休息时，可以放下刀叉并摆成“八”字形状摆在盘子中央，表示没吃完，还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉并排放在盘中，表示已经吃完了，可以将这道菜或盘子拿走。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，不用放下来，但不要挥舞。不用刀时，可用右手拿叉，但需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不要拿着刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃，不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一只手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不要一手拿酒杯，另一只手拿叉取菜。任何时候，都不要将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。

不要在餐桌上化妆，用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐时打嗝是大忌。取食时，拿不到的食物可以请别人传递，不要站起来。每次送到嘴里的食物别太多，在咀嚼时不要说话。就餐时不可以狼吞虎咽。对自己不愿吃的食物也应要一点放在盘中，以示礼貌。不应在进餐中途退席。确实需要离开，要向左右的客人小声打招呼。饮酒干杯时，即使不喝，也应该将杯口在唇上碰一碰，以示敬意。当别人为你斟酒时，如果不需要，可以简单地说一声“不，谢谢！”或以手稍盖酒杯，表示谢绝。

进入21世纪以来, 跨文化交际已经成为人们生活中不可或缺的内容。由于地区差异, 不同的民族、国家形成了不同的文化。饮食文化及餐桌礼仪也是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分。了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源, 对于外语学习者来讲, 不仅能增加对所学语言文化的理解, 更能提高跨文化交际的成功率, 避免因为不恰当的方式或行为造成误解和交际障碍

有人说，中国文化思想内核是“群体意识”,西方文化的思想内核则是“个体意识”。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、各喝各的酒，以免吧自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群个体的共同意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自认也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。4.中西方饮食文化的差异

1.理性的西方人更多关注的是营养与生存中西饮食文化最大的差异是关注的重点不同,即“营养”和“美味”两者孰轻孰重的问题。在西方国家, 饮食大多仅仅作为一种生存的必要手段和交际方式。西方饮食是一种理性观念, 不论食物的色、香、味、形如何, 营养一定要得到保证, 西方烹调讲究营养而忽视味道。他们拒绝使用味精,认为其是既不营养又有副作用的化学产品;生吃的蔬菜, 不仅包括西红柿、生菜, 甚至是洋白菜、西兰花。因而他们的“色拉”有如一盘饲料, 使我们难以下咽。虽然现在的中国人也讲究营养保健, 也知道蔬菜爆炒加热后会丢失一部分维生素, 生吃则避免丢失, 可还是宁愿选择前者, 因为习惯使然, 更是因为味道确实好多了。

2.感性的中国人追求的是美味和享受在中国, 民间有句俗话: “民以食为天, 食以味为先”, 味道是烹调的最高准则。在中国人的眼里, “吃”远不单纯是为了饱, 也不是为了营养,有时吃饱了, 还要吃, 这是因为受不了“美味”的诱惑而尽情进行味觉享受。但在西方的理性饮食观看来, 这种超负荷的饮食不仅造成浪费, 而且危害人体。尽管中国人讲究食疗、食养, 重视以饮食来养生滋补, 但我们的烹调却以追求美味为第一要求, 致使许多营养成分损失破坏, 因此营养问题也许是中国饮食的最大弱点。3.西方烹调遵循的是规范与科学

西方人强调科学与营养, 因此烹调的全过程都严格按照科学规范行事。菜谱的使用就是一个极好的证明。西方人总是拿着菜谱去买菜, 制作菜肴,但相比起来, 还是一个非常机械的东西, 而这导致了西餐的一个弊端———缺乏特色。当人们身处异地想品尝当地美食时, 肯定是不会有人选择肯德基或麦当劳之类食品的。另外, 规范化的烹调甚至要求配料的准确, 调料的添加精确到克, 烹调时间精确到秒。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化, 使其毫无创造性。令西方人不能理解的是, 中国烹调不仅不追求精确的规范化, 反而推崇随意性。翻开中国的菜谱, 常常发现原料的准备量、调料的添加量都是模糊的概念。而且中国烹调中, 不仅讲究各大菜系要有各自的风味与特色, 即使是同一菜系的同一个菜, 所用的配菜与各种调料的匹配, 也会依厨师的个人爱好特点有变化。同样是一道“麻婆豆腐”,为四川客人烹制和为苏州客人烹制, 所用的调料肯定是不同的。而在西方, 一道菜在不同的地区不同的季节面对不同的食者, 都毫无变化。

4.崇尚自由的西方人重分别与个性

在中西饮食文化之中也明显体现出这种“和合”与“分别”的文化特征。西菜中除少数汤菜, 正菜中各种原料互不相干, 鱼就是鱼, 牛排就是牛排, 纵然有搭配, 那也是在盘中进行的, 这体现了“西方重分别”的社会文化。这种重分别的社会文化同样体现在用餐方式上。西方人奉行的是分餐制, 人对个性、对自我的尊重。西方流行的自助餐形式更是各吃各的, 缺少中国人聊欢共乐的情调。

5.向往和谐的中国人重和合与整体中国人一向以“和”与“合”为最美妙的境界, 音乐上讲究“和乐”、“唱和”, 医学上主张“身和”、“气和”, 希望国家政治实现“政通人和”。称美好的婚姻为“天作之合”, 而当一切美好的事物凑集在一起时, 我们将其称誉为“珠联璧合”。而这种“和合”的思想体现在烹饪上就反映为“五味调和”。所以中国菜几乎每个菜都要用

两种以上的原料和多种调料来调和烹制。中国人把做菜称之为“烹调”, 美味的产生, 在于调和。因此中国人烹调不是“1 + 1 = 2”那么简单, 而是应该等于“3”甚至更多。总之, 西饮食在诸多方面存在着各式各样的差异, 当然, 这些差异都具有相对性, 几千年来的东西方文化的交流也促成中西方的饮食文化的不断融合。全球化态势下的跨文化交际使得多样的饮食文化不断的互补与兼容。今天, 享受东西方各具特色的饮食已成为当代人日常生活中司空见惯的事情。我们在大街上随处可见法式大餐、肯德基等西方的舶来饮食, 而中国菜馆也开遍了全世界。

5、餐桌礼仪方面的差异 饮食文化、餐具、进餐方式以及一系列的餐桌礼仪等则反映了不同民族的社会生活样式和文化取向。现代社会礼仪无处不在, 用餐不单是满足基本生理需要, 也是很重要的社交经验。而中西方在餐桌礼仪方面的要求也有许多差别, 了解了两者的不同防止失礼于人。1.餐桌气氛上的差异

总的来说是西方餐桌上静, 中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动, 但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志地去静静切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静, 一坐上餐桌, 便滔滔不绝, 相互让菜, 劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。2.餐桌举止

在中国文化传统中, 人们在出席各种正式的会餐时也是比较讲究的, 但是在现代风俗变迁和发展中, 有进步的一面, 也有落后的一面, 有对传统的继承, 也有对传统文化习俗的违背。比如就餐时的衣着, 要远比过去随意多了, 可着中山装、夹克或西服等, 这也正体现了传统文化的变迁和发展, 这正是中西方文化融汇, 相互发生正迁移作用最好的 例证。当今许多西方人, 尤其是美国人不喜欢吸烟或喝酒, 许多人也不喜欢别人在他们的住处吸烟喝酒。而在当今的中国, 许多人既吸烟又喝酒, 有一种社会怪现象似乎是“不吸烟不喝酒”就无以社交。所以在中国的餐桌上依旧存在吞云吐雾、烂醉如泥的“陋习”, 尽管他们知道这有伤风范, 但依旧不能禁绝之。想必这就是文化迁移和发展的不完全性、不彻底性的表现, 我们有必要在正确理解和认识文化现象的基础上, 不断推动人文文化的发展, 提高民族人文素质。3.座位的排序

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的坐次安排。中国人传统上用八仙桌。对门为上, 两边为偏座。请客时, 年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座, 男女主人或陪客者坐下座, 其余客人按顺序坐偏座。西方人请客用长桌, 男女主人分坐两端, 然后在按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。对于餐桌的规矩,西方人进餐用刀叉, 中国人用筷子。当然刀叉和筷子的用法都有各自的规矩。通过中西方饮食文化差异以及中西方餐桌礼仪的比较, 不仅仅反映了各地的文化传统, 还折射出不同民族心理、价值观与道德标准、社会关系、社会礼仪和社会风俗等方面, 即西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由, 而中国文化主张谦虚谨慎、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作;西方人平等意识较强、家庭结构简单;而中国人等级观念较强, 庭结构较复杂, 传统的幸福家庭多为四代同堂等。在跨文化交际中, 由于文化障碍而导致的信息误解, 甚至伤害对方的现象屡见不鲜。有时善意的言谈会使对方尴尬无比, 礼貌的举止会被误解为荒诞粗俗。因此, 研究不同文化之间的差异, 研究正确的跨文化交际行为已成为不可忽视的问题。在对比研究过程中, 各自的优、缺点显而易见。这种研究有利于文化的正迁移作用, 以“取其精华, 去其糟粕”, 从而促进本民族语言、人文文化的发展。

6.餐桌上用语的差异

中西方在请客吃饭上的文化差异也要注意，否则会引起笑话。

中国人热情好客，请客吃饭时一般都要菜肴满桌，但无论菜多么丰盛，嘴上总要谦虚的说:“没什么好吃的，菜做的不好，随便吃点。”然而，当英美人听到这样的客套话，会觉得很反感：“没什么吃的，又何必请我？菜做得不好，又为什么要拿来招待我？”按照中国的习俗，为了表示礼貌，习惯上会一再劝客人多吃点，而中国人往往是“言不由衷”，明明肚子饿，嘴上却说：“我饱了，不用了。”

而英美人招待客人一般没那么讲究，简简单单三四道菜就可以了。用餐时，一般主人会说：“Help yourself, please!”英美人待客尊重个人意志，讲究事实就是，一再问客人要不要食物或者强塞食物给客人，是很不礼貌的。所以，当主人给你添菜或问你要什么时，如果你想吃的话，可以直接了当的回答说要。在客人在用餐期间，一定要赞美主人所准备的食物好吃，称赞主人的手艺好，否则不管你吃得多饱，主人都不会高兴。

总结 所以，中西方餐桌文化差异归根结底还是感性和理性之间的差异。文化促进饮食的形成，饮食反映出各国的文化。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展和世界的交流而变得模糊。中西方餐桌文化相互影响，相互结合，使两者更趋于完善、科学。

第二篇：中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异[范文]

中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异

财管09-13班

宋佳

从比较中西餐桌礼仪的餐具使用差异、座次安排差异、就餐氛围差异、及餐桌话语差 论文摘要 异四个方面来看跨文化交际中的文化差异，旨在说明坚持自己的优秀文化传统的同时，要采用 一个客观、宽容、尊重的心态对待异国文化以便能在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。易中天先生曾经在《餐桌上的文化》里对中西文化进行了精妙阐释中国文化的思想内核是“群。所以西方人即使请客吃饭，也是各点各的菜、体意识”，西方文化的思想内核则是“个体意识” 各喝各的酒，以免把自己的意志强加于人。中国文化则认为个人的意志，必须服从群体的共同 意志。其目的既然意在人情，意在血缘，则其方式礼仪，自然也就以和为贵了，因此中国人爱 聚餐、喜共食、讲和合。笔者认为在跨文化交际中，面对陌生文化，因思维方式、生活习惯和 行为方式不同，交往过程中难免发生文化冲突。笔者从如下四个方面对中西餐桌礼仪进行简单 的比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

一、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异

筷子刀叉是中西餐桌礼仪最基本差异。浙江大学游修龄教授认为：东西方出现进食工具筷子和 刀叉的不同，和环境有关系。筷子要发源于有竹子的地方。我国北方多木，南方多竹，祖先就 地取材，竹木均成为我国最原始的筷箸原料。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研 究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉 烧熟，割下来就吃。大约 15 世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的

叉。到 18 世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，还影响了东西方人 生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐 相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固 的家庭观念。笔者提醒在使用餐具时中西均有不同的规范。如中餐进餐时不可玩弄筷子（把它 们当鼓槌是非常失礼的做法），更不可以用筷子向人指指点点或打手势示意。当然，绝对不可吸 吮筷子或把筷子插在米饭中，这是大忌（这好像葬礼上的香烛，被认为是不吉利的）。在使用刀 叉时也有一些禁忌。如 手里拿着刀叉时切勿指手画脚。发言或交谈时，应将刀叉放在盘上才合 乎礼仪。忌用自己的餐具为别人夹菜。餐具掉落不要弯腰拾捡。餐品不要一次性切好，尤其带 汤汁的餐品，要一小块的逐一切食等等。

二、从座次安排上看中西文化差异

中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的座次安排。中国人请客传统上用八仙桌。对门为上，两边为偏座。请客时，年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座，男女主人或陪客者坐下座，其余客人按顺序坐偏 座。西方人请客用长桌，男女主人分坐两端，然后按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位，即 男女穿插安排，以女主人的座位为准，主宾坐在女主人的右上方，主宾夫人坐在男主人的右上 方，讲究“女士优先”的西方绅士，都会表现出对女士的殷勤。在中国，左为尊，右为次；上 为尊，下为次；中为尊，偏为次。而在西方，右为尊，左为次。笔者特别提示西餐入座礼仪：最得体的入座方式是从左侧入座。手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷 足。不可在进餐时中途退席（如有事确需离开应向左右的客人小声打招呼）用餐时。坐姿端正，背挺直，脖子伸长。上臂和背部要靠到椅背,腹部和桌子保持约一个拳头的距离。记得要抬头挺 胸着吃，在把面前的食物送进口中时，要以食物就口，而非弯下腰以口去就食物。

三、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异

中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静是中西餐桌礼仪最根本差异。餐桌气氛上的差异，中国餐桌上动，西方餐桌上静。中国人以食为人生之至乐，排场之大，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。中国人一坐上餐桌，便滔滔不绝，相互让菜，劝酒，尽情的享受山珍海味，美味佳肴。这样的 宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳，餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。这种“闹” 能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。西方人一坐到餐桌 上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。喝汤时不能发出响声，如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后 再吃，不要用嘴吹。吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。进餐时可以与左右客 人交谈，但不要只同几个熟人交谈。左右客人如不认识，可先自我介绍。别人讲话不可搭嘴插 话。音量保持对方能听见的程度。咀嚼食物不要说话，即使有人同你讲话，也要等咽下食物后 再回答。

四、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异

中国人请客吃饭时，摆在桌上的菜花样繁多，至少有七、八道菜，如果是盛宴，主菜会更多，越名贵、越奇特的菜会越显示主任的殷勤和客人的身份。而主人却往往要说“今天没有什么好 菜招待大家”“菜做得不好，多吃一点” “多多包涵” “怠慢了您”之类的话。而西方盛宴、、一般四至五道菜，份量以吃完或稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好是吃完所有的菜，这样女 主人会很高兴，认为大家喜欢她做的菜。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说“已经倾其所有来招待大 家” 的话。对中西主人的餐桌话语进行推理，很容易得出：中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则。而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。如在宴席上西方人 不议论令人作呕之事，会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词来替代 toilet，如： “Where can I wash my hand?”“I wonder if I could go somewhere.”“ Can I add some powder？”等。另外，在西方国家不要问“吃饭了吗？”等我国习惯的问候语。“您吃饭了吗？”容易使人莫名其妙，甚至会出 现误会。如在英国，你若问人吃饭没有，其含义是你有意请对方吃饭；这对于未婚男女，则表 明你有意约会对方。

五、结语

世界上各种文化都是平等的。文化无优劣之分。应该避免用自己的文化、道德、价值观作为标 准去衡量、评判而应采用一种客观的、宽容的态度对待异国文化；同时，又要避免盲目的追随、模仿异国文化，而应坚持自己的优秀文化传统。

第三篇：中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异

中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF TABLE MANNERS BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

Abstract and Key Words

Abstract: Table manners are the rules of etiquette used while eating.Different cultures observe different rules for table manners.This article has some contrastive analysis and research on the cultural differences of table manners between East and West from the point of view on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication.It is concluded that with the wide spreading of intercultural communication people in East and West are deeply transformed，permeated and accepted to one another.They come to respect and tolerate different table manners, thus are even assimilative and syncretize with each other.Key words: table manners;cultural differences;syncretism

摘要：餐桌礼仪是用餐时的礼仪规则。不同的文化遵循不同的餐桌礼仪规则。本文从时间观念、座次安排、上菜顺序、餐具、行为和语言几个方面对中西方餐桌礼仪的文化差异做出对比分析，并由此得出结论，随着跨文化交际活动越来越广泛，中西方人经历了深刻的转变，从相互渗透到彼此接受，人们逐渐能够尊重和容忍不同文化的餐桌礼仪，甚至趋于同化和融合。关键词：餐桌礼仪；文化差异；融合

CONTENTS

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1 2.Literature Review…………………………………………………………………...1 3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners...................................……………………...2

3.1 Sense of Arriving Time 3.2 Seat Arrangement 3.3 Order of Serving Dishes 3.4 Tableware 3.5 Behaviour and Communication

4.Main Factors Causing the Differences.................................................…………….6

4.1 Geography

4.2 Tradition

4.3 Custom

5.Trend of Syncretism.............................................................................…………….7 6.Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….9

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…………….9 Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………....10

Cultural Differences of Table Manners between

East and West

1.Introduction

With the rapid development of economy and culture, having meals is not only for the basic physical satisfaction, but also the important skill in social communication.Striving for civic virtues and having good manners have become increasingly common understanding of the public.In China, which has been a nation of etiquette and particular about food being the first necessity of the people since antiquity, table manners has a long history and has naturally become an important part of dining culture.With the deepening of open policy in our country and the strengthening of communication between East and West, people have more and more opportunities to cooperate with foreigners.Naturally, Chinese cannot avoid having dinners with foreigners.A series of table manners including sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour and communication reflect different culture and life-style in nations or countries.There are many differences of table manners between eastern and western countries.To understand these differences can not only avoid committing a breach of etiquette to each other, but also promote the development of humanity culture in both countries and achieve interpersonal harmony in cross-cultural communication.2.Literature Review

As we all know, different countries have different cultures.Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another(Hofstede, 1991).As a kind of social customs, table manners are influenced by culture and vary in different areas.China, known as civilized ancient country, has characteristic table manners with a long history.Western countries also formed their own table manners during the syncretism of nations and modernization.To a certain degree, having good table manners is a symbol of a nation's civilization and an expression of a person's moral cultivation and accomplishment level as well.With the deepen of open policy in our country and the strengthen of communication between East and West, it is necessary for us to improve the consciousness of cross-cultural communication and know the differences of table manners, such as sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware, behaviour, communication and so on.The fully understanding of the differences can prevent the failure in politeness and promote personal status on the dinner table.Only if we realize cultural connotation of table manners and the differences between East and West, can we talk and behave decently in cross-cultural communication and make social communication harmonious.With an acute eye and an irrepressible wit, Margaret Visser takes a fascinating look at the way we eat our meals in the book The Rituals of Dinner.From the ancient Greeks to modern yuppies, from cannibalism and the taking of the Eucharist to formal dinners and picnics, she thoroughly defines the eating ritual.She takes the different table manners in different areas and races to show the development of the world civilization.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian(2004)says that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is inpidual consciousness.Westerners order respective dishes by themselves rather than ask others for what they want.On the contrary, Chinese agrees that personal will should obey group common thought.In the book Differences and Syncretize of Etiquette Culture between East and West, Mr.Li Xiaojun explores the syncretism of etiquette culture between East and West on the basis of table manners to achieve the harmonious society.Yu Lin and Zhou You compare the cultural differences between East and West from the point of view on tableware, seat arrangement, dinner atmosphere and language.It aims at warning people to treat exotic culture with an objective, tolerant and respectful attitude while insisting on their own culture, in order to communicate properly and appropriately in cross-cultural communication.3.Cultural Differences of Table Manners 3.1 Sense of Arriving Time Hall has classified two kinds of people according to his observation.One is monochromic time and the other is polychromic time(Edward Hall, 1976:17).People from western countries hold monochromic time assuming time is linear and can be cut, so they pay much more attention to timetables and pre-arrangements.They are slaves to nothing but the clock, and time is treated as if it were something almost precious.While people from eastern countries insist on polychromic time, having no ideas of fixed timetable.Therefore, this difference is more obvious when attending a banquet.Generally speaking, Chinese people which holding polychromic time tend to be later to show up.They often arrive half an hour later than the prescribed time and the host also seems to have prepares for that.They always arrange some other programs for guests while waiting, such as playing cards, drinking tea or chatting, so that the guests who come earlier would not feel boring.Both the host and guests are used to this phenomenon and they do not regard this as a contempt or impolite behavior to the host.While in western countries, people do things strictly abide by the schedule and all the activities begins according to the predetermined time.People should arrive at the party on time especially the formal banquets.It is considered as impolite and contempt for the host and other guests if one arrives 10 minutes later.3.2 Seat Arrangement The seating arrangement is probably the most important part of Chinese table manners.The seat of honor, reserved for the master of the banquet or the guest with highest status, is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to the master of the banquet.The guests of lowest position sit furthest from the seat of honor.If the guest of honor is not seated, other people are not allowed to be seated.And if he hasn’t eaten, others should not begin to eat.When a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.If it is a round table, then the one facing the entrance door is the guest of honor.The seats on the left hand are in turn second, fourth and sixth, etc, while those on the right hand are in turn third, fifth and seventh, etc, until they join together.In ancient times there was a piece of furniture known as an Eight Immortals table, a big square table with benches for two people on each side.If it is an Eight Immortals table and there is a seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the entrance door is for the guest of honor.If there is no seat facing the entrance door, then the right seat facing the east is the seat of honor.Then the seats on the left side of the seat of honor are the second, fourth, sixth and eighth and those on the right side are the third, the fifth and the seventh.While in western countries, after the hostess announced dinner ready, male host will lead guests to the table in turn, and the hostess walks behind them.Some attentive host will also place name card on the table to show the seat.If there has no arrangement, the general principle for seat arrangement is that men and women sit separately.Men guests of honour take the prior seats which on the right hand of hostess while women guests of honour seat on the right hand of him, and the other couples sit in diagonal respectively.Men and women sitting separately shows the open and lively of the American banquet.It can promote the familiarity between each other and make the dining topic persification and dining atmosphere peaceful.The principle for the seat arrangement is that the guest takes the seat first, the elderly prior to young people, the married prior to unmarried and stranger prior to the acquaintance and families.3.3 Order of Serving Dishes In China, many dishes have symbolic connotations, representing everything from wealth to a long life and the order of serving dishes shows Chinese characteristics.A Chinese meal begins with appetizers which are accompanied by beverage and wine.There are usually four or five of these appetizers, including cold meats, preserved eggs, smoked fish and vegetable relishes, all beautifully arranged either on separate dishes or on one large platter.Hot dishes that were boiled or poached are usually served first, followed by foods that were fried, such as stir-fried chicken and stir-fried shrimp, which are omitted most of the time.Hot food should be served from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honour.When serving the whole duck, chicken and fish, the head and tail can not be put toward the major seat.After the hot dishes, then comes the main course, rice, which is China's staple food.While in a feast or banquet, people always eat little because of the abundant of the food.At last, desserts and fruits are provided to help digestion.If there are lots of tables on the banquet, every dish should be served simultaneously.These programs can not only make the whole process in harmony and order, but also make host and guests expression and communication well.Therefore, the table manners can make the dinner perfect and make host and guests both cultivation fully display.In western countries, the first dish is also appetizer which with distinctive flavor.It is always with salty and acid taste and small quantity but high quality.The second dish is soup, which very different from China.The soup can be roughly pided into four categories of clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup.Generally, the third dish is fish dish, also known as side dish, which including many kinds of fish, shellfish and molluscs.As fish is easy to digest, it is served in front of meat dishes.Meat and poultry dishes is the fourth dish, which also known as the main course.The most representative is beef and steak.Vegetable dishes, called salad in western, can be arranged either after or with the meat dish, so it can be a kind of side dish.The six dish is dessert, which including all the food after the main course in a sense, such as pudding, ice cream, cheese, fruit and so on.The final is beverage that often includes coffee with cream or tea with sugar.3.4 Tableware Of course, the main difference on the dinner table between East and West is the different tablewares.Chopsticks, which have a long history, are the most important tableware in China.The tradition of using chopsticks as tableware was introduced to many other countries in the world.The invention of chopsticks reflects the wisdom of Chinese ancient people.A pair of chopsticks, though they look simple, can nip, pick, rip and stir food.When having a meal, chopsticks should be put tidily on the right of the bowl.When finishing a meal, they should be put vertically on the mid-line of the bowl.Spoon is mainly used to drink soup or take quite small food.Do not get too full when using the spoon to get food, lest overflow make the table and clothes dirty.Plate is mainly used to fill the food, according the amount and shape of food it served.The plate that slight small should be put on the left of bowl to temporarily put food taken from the public dishes.Food wastes and bone should be put in the front of the small plate with chopsticks instead of directly spitting into it.Generally speaking, people do not use much tablewares when having meals in China.Chinese people mainly use bowl, chopsticks and spoons.While in serving English meals, they use so much tablewares with different kinds and sizes.For example, there are different kinds of glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.The use of tableware also shows different food culture in different countries.The main tablewares in western are knives, forks, spoons, glass and napkin.To start with, the fork is on the left side of the plate and the knife is on the right side.The knife which used to cut food into small pieces should be hold in the right hand.The fork and spoon can be placed either on the left or right hand of the table with the plate in the middle, depending on the person's preference on using the tableware.In general, the spoon is usually for soup.When using the spoon, start from the one closest to the bowl which closest to you and ladle out soup then sip from the spoon.If no soup is being served then it's meant for dessert.If you are right handed, then the knife goes into your right hand, fork in your left hand, and using the knife for cutting and eating with the fork.Some people refer to cut their meat or other items on their place into small pieces all at once and then just use their fork in their right hand and in most instances this is still considered good table manners.3.5 Behaviour and Communication Chinese people talked a lot and enjoy the delicious food when on the dinner table, which can reflect the hospitality and sincere of hostess.The lively atmosphere on the dinner table reflects the cheerful of guests, and it can reflect the warmth of family, the peace of neighbourhood and unite of the whole nation in a sense.While in western, people talked little and cut their own food in the plate quietly.They should not make any sounds when drinking and eating.If the soup is hot, they should wait instead of blowing with mouth.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, at least seven dishes.But host will say “There are not so much food for you all.” “The dish does not cook well.” and similar words.If the host asks “Would you like some more?”, then the guest may answer “No, thank you.I am full.” even if he is not full.After the host ask for many times, they maybe accept with embarrassment and little shameful.While in western, a dinner generally has four or five dishes and the host will simply say “Help yourself, please”.When the host asks “Would you like another piece of meat pie?”, you can answer directly “Yes, please.” or “Thank you, a piece of meat pie.” if you are not full.During the dinner, guests can praise the host such as “It is delicious.” or “This meat is beautifully tender.” to make host happy.Chinese followed the principle that belittle themselves and respect others.While westerners emphasize efficiency and pragmatism values and pay much attention to saving face and keeping their prestige.4.Main Factors Causing the Differences 4.1 Geography As we all know, different areas have different culture and custom.Because of the different location, natural conditions and geographical environment, different areas formed different regional culture which shows in that different nationalities using different language expression forms for the same kind of phenomenon or things.The geographical location and the environment lead to the differences between Chinese and western cultures.China is a big country with a vast territory abounding in natural resources, and the people’s way of life, customs, economic and cultural development, as well as general local conditions, all vary.For example, Chopsticks and, knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and western table manners.You Xiuling, the professor of Zhejiang University, said that east and west appear different tablewares are related to the environment.Chopsticks should be originated in the place of lots of bamboo.There are much wood in north China and much bamboo in south China.So ancestors use local materials to make chopsticks and they became China's most primitive raw materials of chopsticks.The emergence of knife and fork is much later than that of chopsticks.According to the research of professor You Xiuling, the origin of knife and fork is related to the life habit of ancient European nomads, who always took knife along them and live on horseback.They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked.From then on, westerners use knife and fork as their tablewares.4.2 Tradition

The different ethnic and national historical development process may result in different history and tradition.Thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture reflected in the Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.As the core of Chinese traditional culture, Confucianism produces a profound and long influence on Chinese society.Confucianism has the traditional thought mainly emphasized “benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith”.Taoists advocated “accustomization nature”, “pure” and he Buddhist is advocated “merciful Purdue beings” and “harmony”, “continued”.In the book Culture on Dinner Table, Mr.Yi Zhongtian said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western core thought is inpidual consciousness.In sharp contrast, the western culture is a kind of “guilt”culture.They believe in god created man.The western culture, to be self-centered, the boundary between people is clear and they do not allow mutual interference.This inpidual culture contributed to western table manners without sharing a plate of food.But Chinese love peace and quiet life in the forest, and in the dining room use cheap chopsticks as tableware.The chopsticks can also reflect Chinese collective consciousness.Westerners prefer to colonize in restaurants, use a knife and fork in the class.Knife and fork also can reflect inpidual consciousness, and noble west of life.From the use of chopsticks we can see the whole course of using chopsticks is collaborative work.If one of them is absent, the whole work cannot be completed.It shows that collectivism is the core thought of Chinese nation.And knife and fork is born in modern industrial society, which is the production of socialization.Its main material is metal which shows social function of modern society, and failed to get rid of its offensive during socialization process.4.3 Custom

Custom culture refers to the culture that formed in the daily social life and human communication activity by ethnic and habits.The differences of custom between east and west are various.Different nationalities show different ethnic culture and custom on many aspects such as greeting, thanks, flattery, apology, or making telephone calls.For example, when Chinese meet acquaintance, they always greet each other by asking “have you eaten” or “where are you going”.While in western culture, it does not belong to the greeting but a real problem.They may think “why does he ask me whether I have eaten” “does he want to invite me to have dinner”.When Chinese invited guests to have dinner, there are so many dishes on the table, but host says repeatedly “there is nothing for you” “have a potluck” and similar words.The host also helps pick food for guests and try his best to make guests eat and drink more.Westerner often doubted about this phenomenon.It is not realistic behaviour that host said there is nothing when there are so many dishes on the table.And their meal is very simple which often with a small number of delicious vegetables when they treat others.Host just says “help yourself” and they never carry food to guest's bowl.5.Trend of Syncretism As a country that pays great attention to courtesy, the cuisine culture is deep rooted in Chinese history.In either a Chinese home or restaurant, it is easy to find that table manners are essential.And the distinctive courtesies displayed will invariably add to the enjoyment of meals and keep people in high spirits.It is really an admirable custom to respect others at the table, including the aged, teachers and guests while taking good care of children.Chinese people stress filial piety all the time.The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.In ancient times the common people led a needy life but they still tried their best to support the elder mother or father who took it for granted.Although the hosts in China are all friendly and hospitable, we should also show them respect.Before starting to eat dinner, the host may offer some words of greeting.Guests should not start to eat until the host says, 'Please enjoy yourself' or something like that, otherwise it suggests disrespect and causes displeasure.When hosts place dishes on the table, they will arrange the main courses at the center with the supporting dishes evenly placed around them.When the main dishes are prepared in a decorative form either by cut or other means they will be placed facing the major guests and elder people at the table, which also embodies virtue.Westerners have gradually accepted Chinese sentimental thought.And Chinese food has always been very popular in America.Many Americans grew up frequently eating lunches with dishes like wonton soup, chow mein and fried rice.There are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west.Nowadays, the trend of syncretism of table manners between east and west is mainly reflected in Chinese learning from westerners.More and more western restaurants appear in many cities in China and more and more people like to have meals in it.People have learned western table manners gradually in daily life.It is obvious that the Chinese diet conception is sensible, western diet idea is rational.This difference seems to become blurred with the strengthening of communication between East and West and the development of science.Like westerners, instead of paying attention to the color, flavour and taste of the food, Chinese people pay more attention to its health and nutrition.We should learn from western manners not only learn its form but also adopt its inner spirit.Only in this way can we build up our confidence and superiority and establish our appeal.And western style food, which was introduced into our country several hundred years ago, has grown up to be a vital new force on the Chinese food and beverage market.The dissemination and development of western style food in China has unavoidably exerted great influence on Chinese food and beverage industry and made Chinese style food trade change in the aspects of managing concept, management mode, productive means, personnel cultivation and so on.6.Conclusion Table manners reflect many differences between east and west, whether on sense of arriving time, seat arrangement, order of serving dishes, tableware or behaviour and language.Knowing the differences people can easily understand the culture of each other.In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture and should remember that every culture is equal and there is no one prior to the other.Thus we can decently communicate with each other.Only recognizing cultural differences between East and West and making a reasonable and effective integration, can we establish a social cultural etiquette system of contemporary China and reach the ideal harmonious society.Bibliography [1]Albala, K.The Cambridge World History of Food [M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.[2]Finn, Carrie.Manners at the Table [M].America:Picture Window Books,2007.[3]King, Mia.Table Manners[M].America:Berkley Trade,2009.[4]李晓军.中西礼仪文化的差异与融合[J].内江科技，2007(03).[5]玛格丽特﹒维萨.餐桌礼仪[M].刘晓媛译.北京：新星出版社，2007.[6]彭健.浅议中西餐桌礼仪差异[J].新西部(下半月), 2009(06).[7]余琳,周游.从餐桌礼仪看中西文化差异[J].硅谷, 2008(18).[8]杨柳,田丹丹,苑富山.中美餐桌礼仪刍议[J].内江师范学院学报, 2008(01).[9]易中天.餐桌上的文化[J].当代学生, 2004(10).[10]张亚红.中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比[J].边疆经济与文化, 2009(04).

第四篇：中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异

中西方餐桌礼仪文化差异

一、中国的餐桌礼仪

根据文献的记载，早在我国周代，饮食礼仪就已经形成了一套相当完善的制度。比如汉族传统的宴饮礼仪程序是：主人向客人发出请柬，届时主人在门口相迎。出席的宾客也要互致问候，开席前客人先在客厅小坐，吃些茶点。

待客人到齐后一一就座，以左为上，相对上座的是二座，上座之下为三座。等到客人都坐定之后，主人开始敬酒让菜。

敬酒时先敬长辈和主宾，最后才是主人。这种传统的宴请礼仪在我国的大多数地方流传至今，我们在影视剧中也经常可以看到。

中国餐桌礼仪中的禁忌：与中国的传统家庭一起用餐，一定要尊重他们的习俗，不要触犯了他们的禁忌，因为中国人通常认为饮食与人的命运息息相关，如果在用餐时犯了禁忌会带来厄运。比如说吃鱼，当吃完一面鱼身，需要用筷子翻转到另一面时，通常开车的人是不会动筷子去翻的。他们认为：如果翻了鱼身，那么驾车的时候就会翻车。

这些迷信的习俗流传至今，餐桌礼仪在现代中国人的生活中占有相当重要的地位。用餐不仅是满足生理需要，而且也是重要的社交经验，体现着一个人的教养和素质。

二、西方的餐桌礼仪

西方家庭素有把餐桌当成课堂的习俗。从孩子上餐桌的第一天开始，家长就对其进行餐桌礼仪的培养。在西方，孩子一般在四岁时就学会了用餐的所有礼仪。五岁的孩子都乐于做一些餐前摆好所有的餐具，餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外，他们还非常注重环保教育，让孩子知道哪些是可再生的“环保餐具”，哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子们尽量少用易拉罐等现成的食品，并注意节约用水、用电。因为他们懂得“滥用资源，即意味着对环境保护的侵害”。

在西方餐桌上也有一些注意事项：比如不要在餐桌上化妆，用餐巾擦鼻涕。用餐时打嗝是大忌，更不要对着人或者是菜打嗝或打喷嚏。取食时，拿不到的食物可以请别人传递，千万不要站起来。每次送到嘴里的食物不要太多，在咀嚼时不要说话。就餐时不可以狼吞虎咽。遇到自己不愿吃的食物也应一点放在盘中，以示礼貌。不应在进餐中途退席。确实需要离开，要向左右的客人小声打招呼。饮酒干杯时，即使不喝，也应该将杯口在唇上碰一碰，以示敬意。

当别人为你斟酒时，如果不需要，可以简单地说一声“No,thanks!”或以手稍盖酒杯，表示谢绝。进餐过程中，不要解开纽扣或当众脱衣。

三、中西方餐桌礼仪的比较

1.座次安排：中国的餐桌礼仪是：先请客人入座上席，再请长辈入座客人旁。入座的时侯要从椅子的左边进入。主人必须注意的一点是切不可让客人坐在靠近上菜的座位，此为一大忌。如果是圆桌子，则对着大门的是主座。

现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪，其座次借西方以右为上的法则，第一主宾坐在主人的右边，第二主宾坐在主人的左边或者第一主宾的右边。

在西方的餐桌礼仪中，女主人宣布晚宴准备就绪后，男主人引宾客依次就座，一般座位的安排以男女分隔而坐的原则，男主宾先就座，其位置在女主人的右边，而女主宾则在男主宾的右边，其他的夫妇则以对角方式入座。

2.上菜顺序：中餐的上菜顺序一般是先上凉菜、饮料或酒，然后是热菜、主食和汤，最后是水果和甜点。而西方的上菜程序通常是：黄油面包、冷菜、海鲜、主菜、甜点、咖啡和水果。冷菜也叫开胃小菜，作为第一道菜，一般和开胃酒并用。3.餐具：中餐的餐具主要有筷子、碟，碗、勺子等。在正式的宴会上，水杯通常放在菜盘的左上方，酒杯放在菜盘右上方。西餐的餐具主要有刀子、叉子、碗、盘子、碟子等。4.餐巾：中餐在正式用餐前，服务员会为每人递上一·9·块热毛巾，它只能用来擦手，擦完手之后，应放回原来的盘子里，由服务员拿走，在宴会结束前，会再上一块湿毛巾用来擦嘴，千万不能用来擦汗、抹脸。西餐中，餐巾放在盘子里，要么放在盘子的旁边。

5.停菜方法：在中餐结束时，筷子应整齐地放在靠碗右边的桌上，并应等客人们都放下筷子以后，主人示意离席后方可以离开，不能自己吃完了放下筷子就走，这样做是很没礼貌的表现。而在西餐结束的时候，要将叉子的下面向上，刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢，平行地放在盘子上，而且要把柄放在盘子内以便于服务员收拾。

四、从餐具使用上看中西文化差异中国人吃饭惯用筷子，而西方人用刀叉。对此，浙江大学的游修龄教授认为，这与环境有关。在我国，北方多木，南方多竹，而筷子的主要原料就是木头和竹子。而刀叉的起源与欧洲古代的游牧民有关，他们随身带刀，往往遇到猎物，用刀子割下来，烧熟了，用刀子分着吃。大约到15世纪前后，为了改变进餐姿势，才慢慢开始使用叉子。不同的餐具反映了不同的生活观念。在中国，一家人坐在一起，用筷子合餐，体现了老老少少坐在一起的家庭单元，而西方人一开始就分吃，由此反映出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。

五、从就餐氛围上看中西文化差异中国人就餐，图的是一个热闹，而西方人则好静。中国有句古话“民以食为天”，中国人以食为人生之至乐，其场面之宏大，常常热闹得令人叹为观止。中国人在一起就餐，常常相互劝酒、划拳，在古代还行酒令，这样方能显示主人的热情与真诚。这也正显示了中国人家庭和睦，邻里团结的文化氛围。而西方人坐在餐桌上则静静地划开自家的盘中餐，喝汤时不能发出声响。如果汤太烫，也不能用嘴吹，只能待汤稍凉些再喝。这也显示了西方人好静的特点。

六、从餐桌话语上看中西文化差异中国人请客吃饭时，摆在餐桌上的菜花样繁多，五花八门。如果是盛宴，主菜则会更多，越丰盛、越昂贵方能显示主人的殷勤和客人的身份。而在宴请结束时，主人往往会说“今天没什么好菜招待大家”“，菜做得不好，请多包涵”“，怠慢了您”等等的话语。而西方盛宴一般只有四到五个菜，以恰好吃完或者稍有剩余为最佳。如果在家里，最好吃完所有的菜，这样女主人会很高兴，认为这样是大家喜欢她做的菜，对她烹饪手艺的一种认可。面对丰盛的宴席，主人会说已经倾其所有来招待大家。对中西方主人的话语进行推敲，不难得出，中国人遵循“贬己尊人”的原则，而西方人强调效率和实用主义价值观，在交际中十分注重自身面子的需要。例如，西方人在宴会上常用文雅的词来代替令人作呕之事。问厕所在哪会说“WherecanIwashmyhand?”“，IwonderifIcangosomewhere?”另外，中国人见面打招呼经常会问“你吃饭了吗？”但是在西方国家，这样容易使人产生误解，以为你有意请对方吃饭，尤其是对于未婚男女，对方会以为你有意约会。

综上所述，通过对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的分析，了解到了中西方之间不同的文化传统。掌握二者之间的不同，对于我们提高自身的素质有着很大的帮助，对于我们更加了解西方的餐桌礼仪对中国文明的发展和更好地与人交往发面也起到了导向的作用。使得我们今后在社会上，与人交往的过程中，更多了一份从容。

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第五篇：中西方餐桌文化差异

中西方餐桌文化差异

中国餐桌文化

一、概述

中国餐桌文化的历史源远流长。古有“民以食为天”（Food is eating well-deserved for human life）、“丰衣足食”之说，今有“人是铁，饭是钢，一顿不吃饿得慌”的俗语。人们把饮食文化作为生活的重要部分，常我国古代一般“尚左尊东”、“面朝大门为尊”。然而由于器具、几案、餐桌椅形和时代、地域的不同，“上座”的标准也有所不同。两汉以前，“席南向并向，以西方为上”（《史记·项羽本纪》），既以而朝东坐为上。而在坐北朝南的“堂”上，则是以南向为最尊，次为西向，再为东向。隋唐以后，开始了由床向垂足高坐起居方式的转变，方形、矩形餐桌均已齐备，座次利益也随之有了新新的变化。清中叶后圆桌出现，一般取向阳或向门之位为首以饮食的好坏来衡量生活水平的高低。而盛大的节日也都与饮食相联系。由此可见，自古以来，中国人对饮食的重视一直延续至今。

另一方面，作为东方礼仪之邦，重视宴席座次礼仪、守礼仪是中国人数千年的传统。据有关史料记载，至少在周代，我国饮食礼仪就已初步形成，经过不断地发展变化，逐渐形成体系，并对西方餐桌文化产生一定影响。

随着时代的变迁，饮食文化正向多元化发展。自清代以来，一些西餐礼仪被引进。中西餐餐桌文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。

二、分配方式的演进

中国最早实行“分餐制”（the inpidual serving），到了北宋后期才进化到如今的合餐制。分餐制的历史远远长于合餐制。由于早期食物相对匮乏，“按人均分”是比较合适的分配原则。无法满足人们的口味、习惯的不同是分餐制的缺陷。随着生产力的进步，食物逐渐充足起来，种类越来越丰盛，分餐制显然不能适应食物多样化的发展。于是合餐制便逐渐取代了分餐制。

合餐是历史的进步，不仅体现在其演进过程的本身，也体现在对社会行为和文化的巨大影响上。合餐